Chabad

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Chabad-Lubavitch
The Chasidic Founders
Baal Shem Tov • The Maggid
The Seven Rebbes of Chabad
Alter Rebbe • Mitteler Rebbe • Tzemach Tzedek • Rebbe Maharash • Rebbe Rashab • Rebbe Rayatz • The Rebbe
General Topics
Chassidus • Beis HaRav • Chasidim • Music • Mivtzoim • Geography
V – T


Chabad-Lubavitch is the Chassidic movement founded by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi (the Alter Rebbe) dedicated to spreading the teachings of Rabbi Yisrael ben Elizer (the Baal Shem Tov) and Rabbi Dovber ben Avraham (the Maggid of Mezritch). Including the Alter Rebbe, there are seven Rebbes of Chabad-Lubavitch. The teachings of Chabad focus on the transformation of the individual to serve the Almighty with one's mind and heart, and on the mission of bringing the Jewish People from Galus (Exile) and to the Geulah (final redemption).

Overview[edit | edit source]

The Chabad movement was founded in Tsarist Russia by the Alter Rebbe. It is a main offshoot of the general Chassidic movement founded by the Baal Shem Tov, and his successor, the Maggid of Mezritch. The name "Chabad" (חב״ד) is an acronym formed from the three Hebrew words Chochmah (חכמה "Wisdom") , Binah (בינה "Understanding"), Daas (דעת "Knowledge") which are the first three of the Ten Sefiros (a fundamental concept in Kabbalah). These three aspects of the intellect represent the focus of Chabad teachings.[1] The name Lubavitch refers to the town in which the Alter Rebbe's son and successor, Rabbi Dovber Schneuri (the Mitteler Rebbe), relocated the movement after the war between Napoleon and Russia. The succeeding Rebbes of Chabad resided in the town until the First World War. Following the rise of Communism in Russia, the sixth Rebbe of Chabad, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn (the Rebbe Rayatz), moved the center of the Chabad movement from Russia to Poland. After the outbreak of World War II, he moved the center of the movement to 770 Eastern Parkway in the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn (New York, USA). There, following the histalkus of the Rebbe Rayatz in 1950, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson (the Rebbe), became the leader of the worldwide Chabad movement exactly one year later. In the following decades, the Rebbe transformed the Chabad movement into one of the most widespread Jewish movements in the world. Under his leadership, Chabad established a large network of institutions to Spreading the Wellsprings (Hafatzat HaMayanot) of the teachings of Chassidus, as well as to provide for the religious, social and humanitarian needs of Jews across the world. Chabad institutions provide outreach to unaffiliated Jews and humanitarian aid, as well as religious, cultural and educational activities. The impact of the Chabad movement on non-Chassidic Jews is widely recognised. In a 2020 study, the Pew Research Center found that 16% of American Jews from different backgrounds participated in Chabad services or activities at least semi-regularly.[2] From the first maamer of the Rebbe's nesiyus (Basi LeGani 5711), The Rebbe's focus on the immediate coming of the Moshiach, a foundational Jewish belief, was made clear. This approach continued throughout the Rebbe's sichos (talks), maamarim (discourses), igros kodesh (letters), horaos (instructions). This culminated in the Moshiach Campaign which mandated Chabad Chassidim to bring Moshiach now.

The Alter Rebbe was born in 1745 in the city of Liozna. He soon became a student of the Maggid of Mezritch, the successor of the Baal Shem Tov, the founder of the Chassidic movement. Following the histalkus of the Maggid and the departure of Rabbi Meachme Mendel of Vitebsk and other Chassidic leaders to Eretz Yisroel, the Alter Rebbe became the leader of the Chassidim in Russia, later moving to the town of Liadi. The Alter Rebbe developed the teachings of Chabad in the book of Tanya which emphasised the use of one's intellectual faculties. This distinguished the Chabad movement from other branches of the Chassidic movement (and are often referred to the Rebbes as Chagas, after the emotive faculties). Following the war between Napoleon and Russia, and the histalkus of the Alter Rebbe, the Mitteler Rebbe settled in Lubavitch. His son-in-law and successor, the Tzemach Tzedek led the Chabad movement for many years. His son, the Rebbe Maharash, continued to lead in Lubavitch. His son, the Rebbe Rashab, founded Yeshivas Tomchei Tmimim and fought to strengthen Chassidus Chabad during a time of mass secularization. At that time, many Chassidim moved away from Russia, and many settled in the United States where they soon created Agudas Chasidei Chabad ("Association of Chabad Hasidim"). His son, the Rebbe Rayatz, fought to preserve Judaism under the rule of the Communists. In 1927, the Rebbe Rayatz was arrested by the Russian Secret Police and was sentenced to death. The sentence was averted and the Rebbe Rayatz left Russia, visiting Latvia, America, Eretz Yisroel, before relocating to Poland, near Warsaw. With the start of the Second World War, the Rebbe Rayatz was saved from the hands of the Germans and arrived in America.[3] After the histalkus of the Rebbe Rayatz, the Rebbe became the seventh leader of Chabad-Lubavitch. Under the Leadership of the Rebbe Rayatz and the Rebbe, the influence of Chabad among world Jewry became very far-reaching. New institutions were created around the world under the banner of Chabad-Lubavitch. During the period of the "counterculture", the Rebbe pioneered the effort to inspire young, unaffiliated Jewish men and women to become baalei teshuva ("returnees" to Judaism). The very first Yeshivas for such baalei teshuva was Hadar Hatorah for men and Machon Chana for women. Following the Yom Kippur War, the Rebbe initiated the use of Public Menorah lightings which attracted thousands of Jews to celebrate Judaism in public. It is reported that up to a million Jews attend Chabad services at least once a year.[4]

Chabad Chassidus focuses on religious and spiritual concepts such as the creation of the world, the soul, and the meaning of Torah and mitzvos. The Zohar and the Kabbalah of the Arizal, Rabbi Yitzchak Luria, form the basis for the teachings of Chabad Chassidus. The Tanya is a work of Chassidic thought by the Alter Rebbe first published in 1797. The book's original title was Likkutei Amarim ("Collected Teachings") as the Alter Rebbe compiled ideas from his teachers. The informal name "Tanya" ("It was taught") comes from the first word of the first chapter. The final edition of the Tanya has five sections, the first and most prominent section is Sefer Shel Beinonim ("The Book of the Intermediates") and emphasized that the goal of every Jew and every Chasid is to maintain the spiritual level of the Benuni ("Intermediate Person"). The Alter Rebbe analyzes the inner struggle of such an individual and the path to resolution. Citing the pasuk (biblical verse) "the matter is very near to you, in your mouth, your heart, to do",[5] the teaching is based on the notion that the human is not inherently evil; rather, every individual has an inner conflict that is characterized by a struggle between two different souls, the Nefesh HaElokis (G-dly Soul) and the Nefesh HaBehamis (Animal Soul).[6] While other branches of Hasidism primarily focused on the idea that Rachamana liba ba'ei ("the Merciful One desires the heart"), Shneur Zalman argued that the Almighty also desires the mind, and he also argued that the mind is the "gateway" to the heart. With the Chabad Chassidus, the mind is elevated above the heart, and that "understanding is the mother of fear and love for G-d".[7] Emotions are not merely a reaction to physical stimuli, such as dancing, singing, or beauty. Instead, the emotions must be led by the mind, and thus the focus of Chabad thought was to be Torah study and prayer rather than mere cleaving to the Tzaddik.[6]

Geography[edit | edit source]

Shluchim from around the world

The geography of the Chabad movement spreads across the world. Chabad maintains a strong presence in every significant Jewish community across the world. Although the Chabad movement was founded and originally based in the Russian Empire and Eastern Europe, various Chabad communities span the globe, including Crown Heights in Brooklyn, and Kfar Chabad in Eretz Yisroel. Chabad communities are present in many other countries, as are Chabad shluchim in many more remote places.

  • Russia and Eastern Europe - Initially, Chabad was based in Liozna and Liadi before being centered in Lubavitch. The Chabad movement was at times subjected to governmental oppression in Russia. The Russian government, first under the Czar, later under the Bolsheviks, imprisoned all but one of the Chabad rebbes. The Bolsheviks also imprisoned, exiled and executed many Chabad Chassidim. And many were sent to Siberia for years of hard labor. Between the two World Wars, Chabad communities were reestablished and strengthened across Eastern Europe, including in Poland, where the Rebbe Rayatz settled. During the Second World War, the Rebbe Rayatz was rescued and came to America. Many Chabad Chassidim evacuated to the Uzbek cities of Samarkand and Tashkent where they established small centers of Chassidic life, while at the same time seeking ways to emigrate from Soviet Russia due to the government's suppression of religious life.[8] The reach of Chabad in Central Asia also included earlier efforts that took place in the 1920s.[9] Following the war, and well after the center of the Chabad movement moved to the United States, the movement remained active in Soviet Russia, aiding the local Jews known as Refuseniks who sought to learn more about Judaism.[10] And throughout the Soviet era, the Chabad movement maintained a secret network across the USSR.[11] Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, state persecution of Chabad ceased, and the Chabad movement openly leads the rebuilding of Judaism in Russia. Similarly, the Chabad presence in other Eastern European countries have grown since the fall of the Soviet Union.
  • North America: The presence of Chabad in the United States of America dates back over a century, with the migration of Chabad families to America following the pogroms in Tsarist Russia. The most notable community is in Crown Heights where the Rebbe Rayatz chose to be the new center of Lubavitch. The community has its own Beis Din (rabbinical court), Vaad Hakahal (Crown Heights Jewish Community Council (CHJCC)), many shuls, yeshivas and schools. Other communities in America include Boro Park, Monsey, Miami and many others. Similarly, Chabad in Canada includes communities in Toronto and Montreal which also date over a century. Two Chabad congregations participated in first Canadian Jewish Conference of 1915. One congregation is listed as "Chabad of Toronto", and the other is listed as "Libavitzer Congregation". A Chasid named Rabbi Menashe Lavut who passed away in 1931 is listed as the founder of both Anshei Chabad in Montreal and the Nusach Ari synagogue.[12]
  • Israel: The most notable Chabad community is Kfar Chabad which was established following the direction of the Rebbe Rayatz. The Chabad community in Tzfas originated during the wave of Eastern European immigration to Eretz Yisroel from 1777–1840. The Chabad community established synagogues and institutions in Safad. The early settlement declined by the 20th century but it was renewed following an initiative by the seventh rebbe in the early 1970s, which reestablished the Chabad community in the city.[13] Rabbi Yeshaya HaLevi Horowitz (1883–1978), a Safad-born direct descendant of Rabbi Yeshaya Horowitz, author of the Shnei Luchot HaBrit (Shelah), served as the rabbi of the Chabad community in Safad from 1908 until his immigration to the U.S. during World War I.[14] Other notable communities include Yerushalyim and Chevron, where members of the Beis HaRav lived many years ago, as well as other locations, such as Lod, and Nachlat Har Chabad in Kiryat Malakhi.
  • France – The Chabad community in France includes many of the descendants of immigrants from North Africa (specifically Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) who moved to France during the 1960s.[15]

Spreading of the Wellsprings[edit | edit source]

Mivtzoim[edit | edit source]

President Ronald Reagan recognising the Noahide Laws

Chabad outreach includes activities promoting the practice of Jewish commandments in the form of the Mivtzoim (Campaigns), and this call is aimed all Jews: "Even if you are not fully committed to a Torah life, do something. Begin with a mitzvah—any mitzvah—its value will not be diminished by the fact that there are others that you are not prepared to do".[16] The original campaigns, included Jewish women and girls from the age of three lighting candles before Shabbos, Jewish men putting on Tefillin, affixing a Mezuzah to all doorways of the home, regular Torah study, giving Tzedakah (Charity), filling one's home with sefarim (holy Jewish books), observing Kashrus (Kosher dietary laws), keeping the Laws of Family Purity (Hilchos Niddah), loving every Jew, supporting Jewish education. A special campaign for non-Jews aimed at educating the masses about the Noahide Laws. In addition, the Rebbe emphasized spreading awareness of preparing for and the coming of the Moshiach, and that it was the responsibility to reach out to teach every fellow Jew with love, and implore that all Jews believe in the imminent coming of the moshiach as explained in the halachik writings of the Rambam (Maimonides). In honor of the Rebbe's efforts in education the United States government established the Rebbe's Hebrew birthday of Yud Aleph Nissan (11 Nissan) as "Education and Sharing Day".

Holidays and customs[edit | edit source]

The Rebbe's Takanos
Takanos for Torah Study
Limud Inyonei Geulah U'Moshiach • Limud Inyonei Beis HaBechirah • Limud Perek Tanya before Tefillah • Limud Shiurei Rambam • Tahalucha • Writing Haoros • Siyum Mesechtas (Nine Days) • Limud Chassidus (Kislev) • Limud Likutei Torah

Holidays[edit | edit source]

There are a number of days marked by the Chabad movement as special days. Major holidays include the dates of the release of the Rebbes of the movement from Russian persecution, others corresponded to Yom Huledes (birthday), histalkus (passing), and other life events. The days marking the leaders' release, are celebrated by the Chabad movement as Yemei Geulah ("Days of Liberation"). The most special day is Yud Tes Kislev—the liberation of the Alter Rebbe, the founder of the Chabad movement. The day is also called Rosh Hashanah LaChassidus ("New Year of Chassidus").[17] The birthdays celebrated each year include Chai Elul (18 Elul), the birthday of the Alter Rebbe,[18][19] and Yud Aleph Nissan (11 Nissan), the birthday of the Rebbe, the seventh rebbe of Chabad.[20] The days of passing (histalkus or yartzeit) celebrated each year, include Yud Shvat, the histalkus of the Rebbe Rayatz, the sixth rebbe of Chabad,[21] and Chof Beis Shvat (22 Shvat), the yartzeit of Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka Schneerson, the wife of the Rebbe.[22]

Minhagim (Customs)[edit | edit source]

Chabad Chassidim follow Chabad minhag as established by the Rebbes of Chabad.[23] The Alter Rebbe established a siddur based on the teachings of the Arizal and various other rulings of Jewish Law, including the use of stainless steel knives for the slaughter of animals before human consumption (now universally accepted by all Jews). Some of the main Chabad customs are minor practices performed on traditional Jewish holidays:

  • Yom Kippur – The custom is to hand out lekach (honey cake) before Yom Kippur.
  • Yud Tes Kislev – The custom is to eat kasha (Buckwheat) on the Chabad holiday of Yud Tes Kislev.
  • Chanukah – It is the custom of Chabad Hasidim to place the Chanukah menorah against the room's doorpost (and not on the windowsill).[17][24][25]
  • Pesach – It is customary in Chabad communities to limit contact of matzah (unleavened bread) with water. This custom is called gebrokts. However, on the last day of Pesach, it is customary to intentionally have matzah come in contact with water.[26]
  • Shavuos – The custom is to ensure that everyone, including children of all ages, hear the Aseres Hadibros (Ten Commandments) read in Shul.
  • Tefillah (Prayer) – One of the Chabad customs relating to Tefillah include giving a coin to tzedakah.

The Arts[edit | edit source]

  • Art – Notable Chabad artists include Hendel Lieberman and Zalman Kleinman who painted a number of scenes depicting Chabad Chasidic life, including ceremonies, study and prayer. Chabad artist Michoel Muchnik has painted scenes of the Mitzvah Campaigns. Artist and shaliach Yitzchok Moully has adapted silkscreen techniques, bright colours and Jewish and Chasidic images to create a form of "Chasidic Pop Art".[27]
  • Music – Notable Chabad singers include Avraham Fried and Benny Friedman who included recordings of traditional Chabad songs in their music albums. Bluegrass artist Andy Statman has also recorded Chabad niggunim. Reggae artist Matisyahu included portions of Chabad niggunim and lyrics with Chabad philosophical themes in some of his songs.
    • Non-observant musical productions that focus on Chabad include a 2022 Israeli musical HaChabadnikim which follows two young men from Kfar Chabad who go to Tel Aviv.[28]
  • Literature – Chabad poet Zvi Yair (Rabbi Zvi Meir Steinmetz) authored poems on Chabad Chassidus topics including Ratzo VaShuv (spiritual yearning). Chabad poet Yehoshua November has published books of poetry with Chasidic themes.[29]
    • Non-observant writings include a Yiddish novel by Dr Fishl Schneersohn, a psychiatrist, pedagogical theorist, and descendant of the Alter Rebbe, who authored Chaim Gravitzer: The Tale of the Downfallen One from the World of Chabad. The novel explores the spiritual struggle of a Chabad Hasid who doubts his faith and finally finds peace in doing charitable work.[30] And American Jewish novelist Chaim Potok authored a work My Name is Asher Lev in which a Chasidic teen struggles between his artistic passions and the norms of the community. The "Ladover" community is a thinly veiled reference to the Lubavitcher community in Crown Heights.[31][32]

Film and television[edit | edit source]

The Chabad-Lubavitch community and its outreach is featured in many films produced by others. These films include films made in 1966 (Chassidism - the Joyful path to G-d),[33] 1974 (Religious America: Lubavitch[34] and The Spark),[34][35] 1979 (The Return: A Hasidic Experience)[36][37][38][35] 1989 (What Is a Jew?),[39] 1993 (King of Crown Heights[34] and Fires in the Mirror: Crown Heights, Brooklyn and Other Identities),[40][41] 1997 (The Return of Sarah's Daughters[42] and Blacks and Jews),[43] 2003 (Welcome to the Waks Family),[44] 2008 (Leaving the Fold[45][46] and Gut Shabbes Vietnam),[47] 2012 (Kathmandu),[48] 2013 (Shekinah Rising[49][50][51] and Project 2x1),[52][53][54][55] 2018 (Outback Rabbis),[56] 2019 (The Rabbi Goes West),[57] 2024 (Guns and Moses).[58][59]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "About Chabad-Lubavitch" Chabad.org.
  2. ↑ Pew Research Center, "Jewish Americans in 2020", pewforum.org.
  3. ↑ Altein, R, Zaklikofsky, E, Jacobson, I: Out of the Inferno: The Efforts That Led to the Rescue of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn of Lubavitch from War Torn Europe in 1939–40. Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch, 2002.
  4. ↑ Chabad Lubavitch centre set for River Heights area. 5 August 2007. Sharon Chisvin. Winnipeg Free Press.
  5. ↑ Devarim 30:14.
  6. ↑ Jump up to: 6.0 6.1 The Encyclopedia of Hasidism, "Tanya", Jonathan Sacks, pp. 475–477 (15682–11236)
  7. ↑ Tanya, Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, Chapter 13.
  8. ↑ Estraikh, G. (2018). Escape through Poland: Soviet Jewish Emigration in the 1950s. Jewish History, 31(3-4), 291-317.
  9. ↑ Levin, Z. (2015). 1 "The Wastelands": The Jews of Central Asia. In Collectivization and Social Engineering: Soviet Administration and the Jews of Uzbekistan, 1917–1939 (pp. 7–26). Brill.
  10. ↑ Beizer, M. (2007). The Jews of struggle: the Jewish national movement in the USSR, 1967–1989.
  11. ↑ Gitelman, Z. (2007). Do Jewish Schools Make a Difference in the Former Soviet Union?. East European Jewish Affairs, 37(3), 377–398.
  12. ↑ Lapidus, Steven. "The Forgotten Hasidim: Rabbis and Rebbes in Prewar Canada" Canadian Jewish Studies. 2004. Volume 12.
  13. ↑ www.safed.co.il. The Chabad Hassidic Community in Tzfat. Accessed September 14, 2014.
  14. ↑ www.kedem-auctions.com. "Sefer HaZohar – Including Glosses by Rabbi Yeshaya Horowitz of Safad and His Son Rabbi Shmuel Horowitz Author of 'Yemei Shmuel.'" Judaica Auction no. 27- Books and Manuscripts. October 6, 2016. Kedem Auction House. Retrieved September 14, 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2016
  15. ↑ Gutwirth, Jacques. 2005. Hassidim in France today. Jewish Journal of Sociology 47(1–2). pp.5–21.
  16. ↑ Chabad.org "The Rebbe's 10-Point Mitzvah Campaign" Accessed 2010-05-12.
  17. ↑ Jump up to: 17.0 17.1 Shabbat Candle-Lighting Times. www.chabad.org.
  18. ↑ September 6, 2012. Dalfin, Chaim. Chabad Elul Customs. Shmais.com. Accessed January 13, 2015.
  19. ↑ Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson. chabad.org. Chai Elul: Breathing New Life Into Our Divine Service. Accessed January 13, 2015.
  20. ↑ "Dade Jews throw birthday party for New York Rabbi", David Hancock, The Miami Herald, April 14, 1992
  21. ↑ Yahrtzeit Observances. Chabad.org. Accessed January 13, 2015.
  22. ↑ www.chabadinfo.com. Chof Beis Shvat. Chabad.info.Archived December 16, 2013.
  23. ↑ Nissan Mindel. www.chabad.org. Rabbi Isaac Luria – The Ari Hakodosh Accessed January 13, 2015.
  24. ↑ Schneersohn, Shalom Dovber. Tanu Rabbanan: Ner Chanukah Sichos In English, N.Y., 1990.
  25. ↑ November 24, 2013. www.crownheights.info. Laws and Customs: Chanukah. CrownHeights.info. Accessed January 13, 2015.
  26. ↑ www.chabad.org. Gebrokts: Wetted Matzah. Accessed January 13, 2015.
  27. ↑ 'Under the Black Hat' Pop Art in Jerusalem Focuses on Chassidim – Rabbi Yitzchok Moully brings spiritual and emotional depth to a new exhibit. chabad.org.
  28. ↑ "HaChabadnikim." cameri.co.il. Accessed 12 Nov. 2023.
  29. ↑ "Yehoshua November". Chabad.org.
  30. ↑ Chaim Gravitzer (The Tale of the Downfallen One): From the World of Chabad. ingeveb.org.
  31. ↑ Hirsch Succeeds with Theatrical Production of 'My Name is Asher Lev'. 29 August 2012. Atlanta Jewish Times.
  32. ↑ Cochrum, Alan Morris. CHILDREN OF ISRAEL: JACOB FIGURES AND THEMES IN THE NOVELS OF CHAIM POTOK. Accessed 22 October 2023. ResearchCommons.
  33. ↑ Sunday, February 6, 2011 A moving picture is worth many thousands of words. Eli Rubin.
  34. ↑ Jump up to: 34.0 34.1 34.2 Documentary Films about Hasidism. PBS. Archived May 3, 2015.
  35. ↑ Jump up to: 35.0 35.1 Movies: Theater Guide. New York Magazine. September 15, 1986. 176.
  36. ↑ www.thejewishreview.org. “An Interview with the Slopeover Rebbe”
  37. ↑ www.jta.org. The return a Hassidic experience a documentary focusing. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 29 April 1981.
  38. ↑ The Return: a Hassidic experience. June 18, 2020. OCLC: 50902286.
  39. ↑ Everyman: What Is a Jew? Sun 29th Jan 1989. BBC One London (genome.ch.bbc.co.uk).
  40. ↑ Smith, Anna Deavere. Fires in the Mirror. New York City: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc., 1993.
  41. ↑ www.nytimes.com. 1993-04-28. Review/Television; One-Woman Show on Black vs. Jew. John J. O'Connor. April 28, 1993. The New York Times.
  42. ↑ www.pbs.org. A Life Apart: Hasidism In America. PBS.
  43. ↑ [|url=jwa.org/thisweek/jul/29/1997/deborah-kaufman|title=Broadcast of Deborah Kaufman's "Blacks and Jews" | Jewish Women's Archive|website=jwa.org
  44. ↑ www.shop.nfsa.gov.au. Welcome to the Waks Family. NFSA Online Shop.
  45. ↑ www.smh.com.au. Leaving the fold. Rachelle Unreich. June 23, 2008. The Sydney Morning Herald.
  46. ↑ Leaving The Fold. www.7thart.com. Archived 2023-09-07. SEVENTH ART RELEASING.
  47. ↑ www.loc.gov. Search results from Film, Video, Vietnam, Vietnam, Hebrew. Library of Congress.
  48. ↑ www.newvoices.org. Zany, Heartfelt 'Kathmandu' Evokes the Soul of Jewish Culture in Nepal. December 5, 2012.
  49. ↑ www.theglobeandmail.com. Secrets and lives of Hasidic women. The Globe and Mail.
  50. ↑ www.thesuburban.com. New film Shekinah provides unprecedented access to the world of young Hasidic women. TheSuburban.com. October 11, 2013. Accessed January 13, 2015.
  51. ↑ www.cjnews.com. Arnold, Janice. Film presents chassidic women's attitudes to intimacy. The Canadian Jewish News. October 20, 2013. Accessed January 13, 2015.
  52. ↑ Hampton, Matthew. Crown Heights 'Google Glass' Doc Premieres Next Month. Prospect Heights Patch. November 26, 2013. Accessed January 13, 2015.
  53. ↑ Piras, Lara. Google Glass Filmed Documentary Goes Where Normal Camera Crews Can't. www.psfk.com. October 9, 2013. Accessed January 13, 2015.
  54. ↑ Evans, Lauren. Intrepid 20-Somethings Examine Crown Heights Through Google Glass. The Gothamist. October 7, 2013. Accessed January 13, 2015. www.gothamist.com.
  55. ↑ www.dnainfo.com. Sharp, Sonja. Crown Heights Documentary Claims to be First Ever Shot With Google Glass. DNAInfo. October 7, 2013. Accessed January 13, 2015. Archived November 4, 2014.
  56. ↑ Meet the two rabbis bringing Jewish people together in the Aussie outback. SBS. Gavin Scott. 25 July 2018. www.sbs.com.au.
  57. ↑ "The Rabbi Goes West". www.jfi.org.
  58. ↑ www.jewishjournal.com. "Guns and Moses: The Heroic Hasid". Jewish Journal. Accessed 22 June 2024.
  59. ↑ The film's original title was Man in the Long Black Coat. see www.variety.com. Mark Feuerstein, Neal McDonough, Dermot Mulroney, Christopher Lloyd Starring in ‘Man in the Long Black Coat’ (EXCLUSIVE)]. Variety. Accessed 22 June 2024.

Further reading[edit | edit source]

Chassidus:

  • Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson. On the Essence of Chasidus: A Chasidic Discourse by Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson of Chabad-Lubavitch. Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch, 2003.
  • Mindel, Nissan. The Philosophy of Chabad (Vol. 1-2). Chabad Research Center, 1973.

On the Life and Teachings of the Rebbe:

  • Jacobson, Simon. Toward a Meaningful Life: The Wisdom of the Rebbe, William Morrow, 2002.
  • Miller, Chaim. Turning Judaism Outward: A Biography of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson the Seventh Lubavitcher Rebbe. Kol Menachem, 2014.
  • Oberlander, Boruch and Elkanah Shmotkin. Early Years: The Formative Years of the Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson, as Told by Documents and Archival Data, Kehot Publication Society. 2016.
  • Steinzaltz, Adin Even Israel. My Rebbe. Koren Publishers, 2014.
  • Telushkin, Joseph. Rebbe: The Life and Teachings of Menachem M. Shneerson, the Most Influential Rabbi in Modern History. Harperwave, 2014.

Chabad history and community

  • Rodkinson, M. L. Toldot Amudei HaChabad, Konigsberg, 1876.
  • Heilman, C. M. Beit Rebbe, Berdichev, 1902.
  • Challenge: An Encounter with Lubavitch-Chabad, Lubavitch Foundation of Great Britain, 1973.
  • Harris, Lis. Holy Days: The World Of The Hasidic Family, Summit Books, 1985.
  • Hoffman, Edward. Despite All Odds: The Story of Lubavitch. Simon & Schuster, 1991.
  • Morris, Bonnie J. Lubavitcher Women in America: Identity and Activism in the Postwar Era, SUNY Press, 1998.
  • Feldman, Jan L. Lubavitchers as Citizens: A Paradox of Liberal Democracy, Cornell University Press, 2003.
  • Fishkoff, Sue. The Rebbe's Army: Inside the World of Chabad-Lubavitch, Schocken, 2003.
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