Chabad: Difference between revisions

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* '''Russia and Eastern Europe''' - Initially, Chabad was based in Liozna and Liadi before being centered in Lubavitch. The Chabad movement was at times subjected to governmental oppression in Russia. The Russian government, first under the Czar, later under the Bolsheviks, imprisoned all but one of the Chabad rebbes. The Bolsheviks also imprisoned, exiled and executed many Chabad Chassidim. And many were sent to Siberia for years of hard labor. Between the two World Wars, Chabad communities were reestablished and strengthened across Eastern Europe, including in Poland, where the Rebbe Rayatz settled. During the Second World War, the Rebbe Rayatz was rescued and came to America. Many Chabad Chassidim evacuated to the Uzbek cities of Samarkand and Tashkent where they established small centers of Chassidic life, while at the same time seeking ways to emigrate from Soviet Russia due to the government's suppression of religious life.<ref>Estraikh, G. (2018). Escape through Poland: Soviet Jewish Emigration in the 1950s. Jewish History, 31(3-4), 291-317.</ref> The reach of Chabad in Central Asia also included earlier efforts that took place in the 1920s.<ref>Levin, Z. (2015). 1 "The Wastelands": The Jews of Central Asia. In Collectivization and Social Engineering: Soviet Administration and the Jews of Uzbekistan, 1917–1939 (pp. 7–26). Brill.</ref> Following the war, and well after the center of the Chabad movement moved to the United States, the movement remained active in Soviet Russia, aiding the local Jews known as Refuseniks who sought to learn more about Judaism.<ref>Beizer, M. (2007). The Jews of struggle: the Jewish national movement in the USSR, 1967–1989.</ref> And throughout the Soviet era, the Chabad movement maintained a secret network across the USSR.<ref>Gitelman, Z. (2007). Do Jewish Schools Make a Difference in the Former Soviet Union?. East European Jewish Affairs, 37(3), 377–398.</ref> Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, state persecution of Chabad ceased, and the Chabad movement openly leads the rebuilding of Judaism in Russia. Similarly, the Chabad presence in other Eastern European countries have grown since the fall of the Soviet Union.

* '''North America:''' The presence of Chabad in the [[United States of America]] dates back over a century, with the migration of Chabad families to America following the ''pogroms'' in Tsarist Russia. The most notable community is in [[Crown Heights]] where the Rebbe Rayatz chose to be the new center of Lubavitch. The community has its own Beis Din (rabbinical court), Vaad Hakahal (Crown Heights Jewish Community Council (CHJCC)), many shuls, yeshivas and schools. Other communities in America include [[Boro Park]], [[Monsey]], [[Miami]] and many others. Similarly, Chabad in Canada includes communities in [[Toronto]] and [[Montreal]] which also date over a century. Two Chabad congregations participated in first Canadian Jewish Conference of 1915. One congregation is listed as "Chabad of Toronto", and the other is listed as "Libavitzer Congregation". A Chasid named Rabbi Menashe Lavut who passed away in 1931 is listed as the founder of both Anshei Chabad in Montreal and the Nusach Ari synagogue.<ref>Lapidus, Steven. "The Forgotten Hasidim: Rabbis and Rebbes in Prewar Canada" Canadian Jewish Studies. 2004. Volume 12.</ref>

* '''Israel:''' The most notable Chabad community is [[Kfar Chabad]] which was established following the direction of the Rebbe Rayatz. The Chabad community in [[Tzfas]] originated during the wave of Eastern European immigration to Eretz Yisroel from 1777–1840. The Chabad community established synagogues and institutions in Safad. The early settlement declined by the 20th century but it was renewed following an initiative by the seventh rebbe in the early 1970s, which reestablished the Chabad community in the city.<ref name=tzefatcoil>www.safed.co.il. The Chabad Hassidic Community in Tzfat. Accessed September 14, 2014.</ref> Rabbi Yeshaya HaLevi Horowitz (1883–1978), a Safad-born direct descendant of Rabbi Yeshaya Horowitz, author of the Shnei Luchot HaBrit (Shelah), served as the rabbi of the Chabad community in Safad from 1908 until his immigration to the U.S. during World War I.<ref>www.kedem-auctions.com. "Sefer HaZohar – Including Glosses by Rabbi Yeshaya Horowitz of Safad and His Son Rabbi Shmuel Horowitz Author of 'Yemei Shmuel.'" Judaica Auction no. 27- Books and Manuscripts. October 6, 2016. ''Kedem Auction House''. Retrieved September 14, 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2016</ref>Other notable communities include Yerushalyim and Chevron, where members of the [[Beis HaRav]] lived many years ago, as well as other locations, such as Lod, and Nachlat Har Chabad in Kiryat Malakhi.

* '''Israel:''' The most notable Chabad community is [[Kfar Chabad]] which was established following the direction of the Rebbe Rayatz. The Chabad community in [[Tzfas]] originated during the wave of Eastern European immigration to Eretz Yisroel from 1777–1840. The Chabad community established synagogues and institutions in Safad. The early settlement declined by the 20th century but it was renewed following an initiative by the seventh rebbe in the early 1970s, which reestablished the Chabad community in the city.<ref name=tzefatcoil>www.safed.co.il. The Chabad Hassidic Community in Tzfat. Accessed September 14, 2014.</ref> Rabbi Yeshaya HaLevi Horowitz (1883–1978), a Safad-born direct descendant of Rabbi Yeshaya Horowitz, author of the Shnei Luchot HaBrit (Shelah), served as the rabbi of the Chabad community in Safad from 1908 until his immigration to the U.S. during World War I.<ref>www.kedem-auctions.com. "Sefer HaZohar – Including Glosses by Rabbi Yeshaya Horowitz of Safad and His Son Rabbi Shmuel Horowitz Author of 'Yemei Shmuel.'" Judaica Auction no. 27- Books and Manuscripts. October 6, 2016. ''Kedem Auction House''. Retrieved September 14, 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2016</ref> Other notable communities include Yerushalyim and Chevron, where members of the [[Beis HaRav]] lived many years ago, as well as other locations, such as Lod, and Nachlat Har Chabad in Kiryat Malakhi.

* '''France''' – The Chabad community in France includes many of the descendants of immigrants from North Africa (specifically Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) who moved to France during the 1960s.<ref name=chabadfrance>Gutwirth, Jacques. 2005. Hassidim in France today. ''Jewish Journal of Sociology 47''(1–2). pp.5–21.</ref>

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 * '''Russia and Eastern Europe''' - Initially, Chabad was based in Liozna and Liadi before being centered in Lubavitch. The Chabad movement was at times subjected to governmental oppression in Russia. The Russian government, first under the Czar, later under the Bolsheviks, imprisoned all but one of the Chabad rebbes. The Bolsheviks also imprisoned, exiled and executed many Chabad Chassidim. And many were sent to Siberia for years of hard labor. Between the two World Wars, Chabad communities were reestablished and strengthened across Eastern Europe, including in Poland, where the Rebbe Rayatz settled. During the Second World War, the Rebbe Rayatz was rescued and came to America. Many Chabad Chassidim evacuated to the Uzbek cities of Samarkand and Tashkent where they established small centers of Chassidic life, while at the same time seeking ways to emigrate from Soviet Russia due to the government's suppression of religious life.<ref>Estraikh, G. (2018). Escape through Poland: Soviet Jewish Emigration in the 1950s. Jewish History, 31(3-4), 291-317.</ref> The reach of Chabad in Central Asia also included earlier efforts that took place in the 1920s.<ref>Levin, Z. (2015). 1 "The Wastelands": The Jews of Central Asia. In Collectivization and Social Engineering: Soviet Administration and the Jews of Uzbekistan, 1917–1939 (pp. 7–26). Brill.</ref> Following the war, and well after the center of the Chabad movement moved to the United States, the movement remained active in Soviet Russia, aiding the local Jews known as Refuseniks who sought to learn more about Judaism.<ref>Beizer, M. (2007). The Jews of struggle: the Jewish national movement in the USSR, 1967–1989.</ref> And throughout the Soviet era, the Chabad movement maintained a secret network across the USSR.<ref>Gitelman, Z. (2007). Do Jewish Schools Make a Difference in the Former Soviet Union?. East European Jewish Affairs, 37(3), 377–398.</ref> Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, state persecution of Chabad ceased, and the Chabad movement openly leads the rebuilding of Judaism in Russia. Similarly, the Chabad presence in other Eastern European countries have grown since the fall of the Soviet Union.
 * '''North America:''' The presence of Chabad in the [[United States of America]] dates back over a century, with the migration of Chabad families to America following the ''pogroms'' in Tsarist Russia. The most notable community is in [[Crown Heights]] where the Rebbe Rayatz chose to be the new center of Lubavitch. The community has its own Beis Din (rabbinical court), Vaad Hakahal (Crown Heights Jewish Community Council (CHJCC)), many shuls, yeshivas and schools. Other communities in America include [[Boro Park]], [[Monsey]], [[Miami]] and many others. Similarly, Chabad in Canada includes communities in [[Toronto]] and [[Montreal]] which also date over a century. Two Chabad congregations participated in first Canadian Jewish Conference of 1915. One congregation is listed as "Chabad of Toronto", and the other is listed as "Libavitzer Congregation". A Chasid named Rabbi Menashe Lavut who passed away in 1931 is listed as the founder of both Anshei Chabad in Montreal and the Nusach Ari synagogue.<ref>Lapidus, Steven. "The Forgotten Hasidim: Rabbis and Rebbes in Prewar Canada" Canadian Jewish Studies. 2004. Volume 12.</ref>
-* '''Israel:''' The most notable Chabad community is [[Kfar Chabad]] which was established following the direction of the Rebbe Rayatz. The Chabad community in [[Tzfas]] originated during the wave of Eastern European immigration to Eretz Yisroel from 1777–1840. The Chabad community established synagogues and institutions in Safad. The early settlement declined by the 20th century but it was renewed following an initiative by the seventh rebbe in the early 1970s, which reestablished the Chabad community in the city.<ref name=tzefatcoil>www.safed.co.il. The Chabad Hassidic Community in Tzfat. Accessed September 14, 2014.</ref> Rabbi Yeshaya HaLevi Horowitz (1883–1978), a Safad-born direct descendant of Rabbi Yeshaya Horowitz, author of the Shnei Luchot HaBrit (Shelah), served as the rabbi of the Chabad community in Safad from 1908 until his immigration to the U.S. during World War I.<ref>www.kedem-auctions.com. "Sefer HaZohar – Including Glosses by Rabbi Yeshaya Horowitz of Safad and His Son Rabbi Shmuel Horowitz Author of 'Yemei Shmuel.'" Judaica Auction no. 27- Books and Manuscripts. October 6, 2016. ''Kedem Auction House''. Retrieved September 14, 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2016</ref>Other notable communities include Yerushalyim and Chevron, where members of the [[Beis HaRav]] lived many years ago, as well as other locations, such as Lod, and Nachlat Har Chabad in Kiryat Malakhi.
+* '''Israel:''' The most notable Chabad community is [[Kfar Chabad]] which was established following the direction of the Rebbe Rayatz. The Chabad community in [[Tzfas]] originated during the wave of Eastern European immigration to Eretz Yisroel from 1777–1840. The Chabad community established synagogues and institutions in Safad. The early settlement declined by the 20th century but it was renewed following an initiative by the seventh rebbe in the early 1970s, which reestablished the Chabad community in the city.<ref name=tzefatcoil>www.safed.co.il. The Chabad Hassidic Community in Tzfat. Accessed September 14, 2014.</ref> Rabbi Yeshaya HaLevi Horowitz (1883–1978), a Safad-born direct descendant of Rabbi Yeshaya Horowitz, author of the Shnei Luchot HaBrit (Shelah), served as the rabbi of the Chabad community in Safad from 1908 until his immigration to the U.S. during World War I.<ref>www.kedem-auctions.com. "Sefer HaZohar – Including Glosses by Rabbi Yeshaya Horowitz of Safad and His Son Rabbi Shmuel Horowitz Author of 'Yemei Shmuel.'" Judaica Auction no. 27- Books and Manuscripts. October 6, 2016. ''Kedem Auction House''. Retrieved September 14, 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2016</ref> Other notable communities include Yerushalyim and Chevron, where members of the [[Beis HaRav]] lived many years ago, as well as other locations, such as Lod, and Nachlat Har Chabad in Kiryat Malakhi.
 * '''France''' – The Chabad community in France includes many of the descendants of immigrants from North Africa (specifically Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) who moved to France during the 1960s.<ref name=chabadfrance>Gutwirth, Jacques. 2005. Hassidim in France today. ''Jewish Journal of Sociology 47''(1–2). pp.5–21.</ref>