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== Organizations ==
== Organizations ==
{{Main|Chabad affiliated organizations}}
Chabad's central organization representing the movement at large, [[Agudas Chasidei Chabad]], is headed by Rabbi [[Abraham Shemtov]]. The educational, outreach and social services arms, [[Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch]] and [[Machneh Israel (Chabad)|Machneh Israel]] are headed by Rabbi [[Yehuda Krinsky]], as well as the Chabad-Lubavitch publishing house, [[Kehot Publication Society]]. Local Chabad centers and institutions are usually incorporated as separate legal entities.<ref name="PBurstein">[ | last1 = Burstein | first1 = Paul | year = 2011 | title = Jewish Nonprofit Organizations in the U.S.: A Preliminary Survey | journal = Contemporary Jewry | volume = 31 | issue = 2| pages = 129–148 | doi = 10.1007/s12397-010-9028-5| s2cid = 144478093 }}</ref> As of 2020 there were over 3,500 Chabad centers in 100 countries.<ref name="drake">[|url=www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0602/feature4/index.html|last=Drake|first=Carolyn|title=A Faith Grows in Brooklyn|work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]|date=February 2006|access-date=2006-01-23|archive-url=web.archive.org/web/20060203030144/www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0602/feature4/index.html|archive-date=2006-02-03|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[|url=chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/2346206/jewish/Facts-and-Statistics.htm|title=Facts and Statistics - Chabad.org}}</ref> The Chabad movement's online directory lists around 1,350 Chabad institutions. This number includes schools and other Chabad-affiliated establishments. The number of Chabad centers vary per country; the majority are in the [[United States]] and [[Israel]]. There are over 100 countries with a Chabad presence. In total, according to its directory, Chabad maintains a presence in 950 [[cities]] around the world: 178 in Europe, 14 in Africa, 200 in Israel, 400 in North America, 38 in South America, and about 70 in Asia (excluding Israel, including Russia).<ref name="popo">[ |url=chabad.org/centers/default_cdo/jewish/Centers.htm |title=Chabad-Lubavitch Directory |publisher=Chabad |access-date=January 13, 2015}}</ref>


[[File:Chabad 2023.png|alt=Map of Countries with Chabad Shluchim|thumb|Map of countries with Chabad Shluchim]]
Chabad's central organization representing the movement at large, [[Agudas Chasidei Chabad]], is headed by Rabbi [[Abraham Shemtov]]. The educational, outreach and social services arms, [[Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch]] and [[Machneh Israel (Chabad)|Machneh Israel]] are headed by Rabbi [[Yehuda Krinsky]], as well as the Chabad-Lubavitch publishing house, [[Kehot Publication Society]].
Local Chabad centers and institutions are usually incorporated as separate legal entities.<ref name="PBurstein">[ | last1 = Burstein | first1 = Paul | year = 2011 | title = Jewish Nonprofit Organizations in the U.S.: A Preliminary Survey | journal = Contemporary Jewry | volume = 31 | issue = 2| pages = 129–148 | doi = 10.1007/s12397-010-9028-5| s2cid = 144478093 }}</ref>
=== Institutions ===
As of 2020 there were over 3,500 Chabad centers in 100 countries.<ref name="drake">[|url=www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0602/feature4/index.html|last=Drake|first=Carolyn|title=A Faith Grows in Brooklyn|work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]|date=February 2006|access-date=2006-01-23|archive-url=web.archive.org/web/20060203030144/www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0602/feature4/index.html|archive-date=2006-02-03|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[|url=chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/2346206/jewish/Facts-and-Statistics.htm|title=Facts and Statistics - Chabad.org}}</ref> The Chabad movement's online directory lists around 1,350 Chabad institutions. This number includes schools and other Chabad-affiliated establishments. The number of Chabad centers vary per country; the majority are in the [[United States]] and [[Israel]]. There are over 100 countries with a Chabad presence.
In total, according to its directory, Chabad maintains a presence in 950 [[cities]] around the world: 178 in Europe, 14 in Africa, 200 in Israel, 400 in North America, 38 in South America, and about 70 in Asia (excluding Israel, including Russia).<ref name="popo">[ |url=chabad.org/centers/default_cdo/jewish/Centers.htm |title=Chabad-Lubavitch Directory |publisher=Chabad |access-date=January 13, 2015}}</ref>
==== By geographic region ====
{{Further|Chabad affiliated organizations#Chabad institutions by geographic region}}
Chabad presence varies from region to region. The continent with the highest concentration of Chabad centers is North America. The [[continent]] with the fewest centers is Africa.<ref name="LubavNorthAmerica">[|url=lubavitch.com/centers/region.html|title=Chabad Lubavitch Brooklyn New York NY World Headquarters|first=Chabad|last=Lubavitch|website=lubavitch.com|access-date=2013-11-06|archive-date=2013-09-01|archive-url=web.archive.org/web/20130901111827/lubavitch.com/centers/region.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="LubavAfrica">[|url=lubavitch.com/centers/region.html?id=1&f=c|title=Chabad Lubavitch Brooklyn New York NY World Headquarters|first=Chabad|last=Lubavitch|website=lubavitch.com|access-date=2013-11-04|archive-date=2015-10-16|archive-url=web.archive.org/web/20151016221727/lubavitch.com/centers/region.html?id=1&f=c|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Chabad presence varies from region to region. The continent with the highest concentration of Chabad centers is North America. The [[continent]] with the fewest centers is Africa.<ref name="LubavNorthAmerica">[|url=lubavitch.com/centers/region.html|title=Chabad Lubavitch Brooklyn New York NY World Headquarters|first=Chabad|last=Lubavitch|website=lubavitch.com|access-date=2013-11-06|archive-date=2013-09-01|archive-url=web.archive.org/web/20130901111827/lubavitch.com/centers/region.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="LubavAfrica">[|url=lubavitch.com/centers/region.html?id=1&f=c|title=Chabad Lubavitch Brooklyn New York NY World Headquarters|first=Chabad|last=Lubavitch|website=lubavitch.com|access-date=2013-11-04|archive-date=2015-10-16|archive-url=web.archive.org/web/20151016221727/lubavitch.com/centers/region.html?id=1&f=c|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Vladimir Putin, Berl Lazar, Alexander Boroda (2016-12-28).jpg|thumb|Russia's Chief Rabbi [[Berel Lazar]] (left) speaks with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]], 28 December 2016]]
[[File:Vladimir Putin, Berl Lazar, Alexander Boroda (2016-12-28).jpg|thumb|Russia's Chief Rabbi [[Berel Lazar]] (left) speaks with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]], 28 December 2016]]
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=== Chabad house ===
=== Chabad house ===
{{Main|Chabad house}}
A Chabad house is a form of [[Jewish community center]], primarily serving both educational and observance purposes.<ref>[ |author=Marcelle S. Fischler |title=Is It a Home or a House of Worship? |newspaper=The New York Times |date=December 16, 2005 |url=query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00EEDC1F31F93BA25751C1A9639C8B63 |access-date=January 13, 2015}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2015}} Often, until the community can support its own center, the Chabad house is located in the {{Lang|he|[[shaliach]]}}''<nowiki/>'s'' home, with the living room being used as the "synagogue". Effort is made to provide an atmosphere in which the nonobservant will not feel intimidated by any perceived contrast between their lack of knowledge of Jewish practice and the advanced knowledge of some of the people they meet there.<ref>[ |title=Passover seders, around the world |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=March 23, 2007 |newspaper=Kentucky New Era |page=28 |url=news.google.com/newspapers?nid=266&dat=20070323&id=UAgsAAAAIBAJ&pg=5379,7656059 |access-date=January 13, 2015}}</ref> The term "Chabad House" originated with the creation of the first such outreach center on the campus of [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] by Rabbi [[Shlomo Cunin]].<ref>''Challenge''<!-- author? date? page? URL? --></ref> A key to the Chabad house was given to the Rebbe and he asked if that meant that the new house was his home. He was told yes and he replied, "My hand will be on the door of this house to keep it open twenty-four hours a day for young and old, men and women alike."<ref>[|title=Chumash Devarim|publisher=Kehot Publication Society|year=2011|isbn=978-0-8266-0194-0|location=New York|pages=vii}}</ref>
A Chabad house is a form of [[Jewish community center]], primarily serving both educational and observance purposes.<ref>[ |author=Marcelle S. Fischler |title=Is It a Home or a House of Worship? |newspaper=The New York Times |date=December 16, 2005 |url=query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00EEDC1F31F93BA25751C1A9639C8B63 |access-date=January 13, 2015}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2015}} Often, until the community can support its own center, the Chabad house is located in the {{Lang|he|[[shaliach]]}}''<nowiki/>'s'' home, with the living room being used as the "synagogue". Effort is made to provide an atmosphere in which the nonobservant will not feel intimidated by any perceived contrast between their lack of knowledge of Jewish practice and the advanced knowledge of some of the people they meet there.<ref>[ |title=Passover seders, around the world |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=March 23, 2007 |newspaper=Kentucky New Era |page=28 |url=news.google.com/newspapers?nid=266&dat=20070323&id=UAgsAAAAIBAJ&pg=5379,7656059 |access-date=January 13, 2015}}</ref> The term "Chabad House" originated with the creation of the first such outreach center on the campus of [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] by Rabbi [[Shlomo Cunin]].<ref>''Challenge''<!-- author? date? page? URL? --></ref> A key to the Chabad house was given to the Rebbe and he asked if that meant that the new house was his home. He was told yes and he replied, "My hand will be on the door of this house to keep it open twenty-four hours a day for young and old, men and women alike."<ref>[|title=Chumash Devarim|publisher=Kehot Publication Society|year=2011|isbn=978-0-8266-0194-0|location=New York|pages=vii}}</ref>


Followers of Chabad can be seen attending to [[Tefillin campaign|tefillin booths]] at the [[Western Wall]] and [[Ben Gurion International Airport]] as well as other public places and distributing [[Shabbat]] candles on Fridays. Chabad rabbis and their families are sent to various major cities around the globe, to teach college students, build day schools, and create youth camps. Many of these efforts are geared towards secular or less religious [[Jews]].  Additionally, unmarried rabbinical students spend weeks during the summer in locations that do not yet have a permanent Chabad presence, making housecalls, putting up [[mezuza|mezuzot]] and teaching about Judaism. This is known as Merkos Shlichus.
Chabad Chassidim operate [[Mivtzah Tefillin|tefillin booths]] at the [[Western Wall]] and [[Ben Gurion International Airport]] as well as other public places and distributing [[Shabbat]] candles on Fridays. Chabad rabbis and their families are sent to various major cities around the globe, to teach college students, build day schools, and create youth camps. Many of these efforts are geared towards secular or less religious Jews.  Additionally, unmarried rabbinical students spend weeks during the summer in locations that do not yet have a permanent Chabad presence, making housecalls, putting up [[Mivtza Mezuza|mezuzos]] and teaching about Judaism. This is known as Merkos Shlichus.


Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson also initiated a Jewish children's movement, called [[Tzivos Hashem]] (lit. "Army [of] God"), for under [[B'nai Mitzvah|bar/bat mitzvah]]-age children, to inspire them to increase in [[Torah study|study of Torah]] and observance of [[613 Mitzvot|mitzvot]].
Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson also initiated a Jewish children's movement, called [[Tzivos Hashem]] (lit. "Army [of] God"), for under [[B'nai Mitzvah|bar/bat mitzvah]]-age children, to inspire them to increase in [[Torah study|study of Torah]] and observance of [[613 Mitzvot|mitzvot]].


Rabbi Schneerson also encouraged the use of modern technology in outreach efforts such as [[Mitzva tank]]s, which are mobile homes that travel a city or country.<ref>{{Citation|title=N.Y. / Region: 'Are You Jewish?'|work= The New York Times|date= 27 April 2011|url=youtube.com/watch?v=k2agom-o8Ds |archive-url=ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/k2agom-o8Ds| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2019-12-05}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The Chabad website, [[chabad.org]], a pioneer of Jewish religious outreach on the [[Internet]], was started by Rabbi Yosef Y. Kazen and developed by Rabbi D. Zirkind. In 2023, it was reportedly the largest faith-based website, with 52 million unique visitors and 102,129 content pages covering all facets of [[Judaism]].<ref name="chabad.org">[|website=Chabad|url=chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/2346206/jewish/Facts-and-Statistics.htm|title=Facts and Statistics}}</ref>
The Rebbe encouraged the use of modern technology in outreach efforts such as [[Mitzva tank]]s, which are mobile homes that travel a city or country.<ref>{{Citation|title=N.Y. / Region: 'Are You Jewish?'|work= The New York Times|date= 27 April 2011|url=youtube.com/watch?v=k2agom-o8Ds |archive-url=ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/k2agom-o8Ds| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2019-12-05}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The Chabad website, [[chabad.org]], a pioneer of Jewish religious outreach on the [[Internet]], was started by Rabbi Yosef Y. Kazen and developed by Rabbi D. Zirkind. In 2023, it was reportedly the largest faith-based website, with 52 million unique visitors and 102,129 content pages covering all facets of [[Judaism]].<ref name="chabad.org">[|website=Chabad|url=chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/2346206/jewish/Facts-and-Statistics.htm|title=Facts and Statistics}}</ref>


In June 1994, Rabbi Schneerson died with no successor. Since then, over two thousand couples have taken up communal leadership roles in outreach, bringing the estimated total number of "Shluchim" to over five thousand worldwide.<ref>[|url=kinus.com/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/4051934|title=Banquet/Partner |publisher= Kinus Hashluchim|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref><ref>[|url=chabad.org/multimedia/video_cdo/aid/4560827/jewish/Shluchim-Roll-Call.htm|title=Shluchim Roll Call - International Conference of Chabad Emissaries (2019)|website=Chabad.org|language=en|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref>
In the 2008 Mumbai attacks, the local Chabad house was targeted.<ref>[ |author=Ralph Blumenthal |date=November 29, 2008 |url=nytimes.com/2008/11/29/nyregion/29chabad.html |title=Jewish Center Is Stormed, and 6 Hostages Die |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A13 |access-date=January 13, 2015}}</ref><ref>[ |author=Joshua Runyan |date=November 30, 2008 |url=chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/775065/jewish/Funeral-Preparations-Under-Way.htm |title=Funeral Preparations for Chabad House Victims Under Way |publisher=Chabad |access-date=2010-05-12}}</ref> The local Chabad emissaries, Rabbi [[Gavriel Holtzberg]] and his wife Rivka, and four other Jews were tortured and murdered by Islamic terrorists.<ref>[ |url=telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3539171/Mumbai-attacks-Jews-tortured-before-executed-during-hostage-crisis.html |archive-url=ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3539171/Mumbai-attacks-Jews-tortured-before-executed-during-hostage-crisis.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Mumbai attacks: Jews tortured before being executed during hostage crisis |author=Damien McElroy |date=December 1, 2008 |access-date=February 8, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Chabad received condolences from around the world.<ref>[ |url=jta.org/news/article/2008/12/04/1001351/obama-sends-condolences-to-chabad |title=Obama sends condolences to Chabad |publisher=Jewish Telegraph Agency (JTA) |date=December 4, 2008 |access-date=January 13, 2015}}</ref><ref>[|title=Israeli Chabad couple to be expelled from India 'for spying' {{!}} The Times of Israel|url=timesofisrael.com/israeli-chabad-couple-to-be-expelled-from-india-as-mossad-agents/amp/|access-date=2021-06-10|website=The Times of Israel}}</ref>
 
In the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], the local Chabad house was targeted.<ref>[ |author=Ralph Blumenthal |date=November 29, 2008 |url=nytimes.com/2008/11/29/nyregion/29chabad.html |title=Jewish Center Is Stormed, and 6 Hostages Die |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A13 |access-date=January 13, 2015}}</ref><ref>[ |author=Joshua Runyan |date=November 30, 2008 |url=chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/775065/jewish/Funeral-Preparations-Under-Way.htm |title=Funeral Preparations for Chabad House Victims Under Way |publisher=Chabad |access-date=2010-05-12}}</ref> The local Chabad emissaries, Rabbi [[Gavriel Holtzberg]] and his wife Rivka, and four other Jews were tortured and murdered by Islamic terrorists.<ref>[ |url=telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3539171/Mumbai-attacks-Jews-tortured-before-executed-during-hostage-crisis.html |archive-url=ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3539171/Mumbai-attacks-Jews-tortured-before-executed-during-hostage-crisis.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Mumbai attacks: Jews tortured before being executed during hostage crisis |author=Damien McElroy |date=December 1, 2008 |access-date=February 8, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Chabad received condolences from around the world.<ref>[ |url=jta.org/news/article/2008/12/04/1001351/obama-sends-condolences-to-chabad |title=Obama sends condolences to Chabad |publisher=Jewish Telegraph Agency (JTA) |date=December 4, 2008 |access-date=January 13, 2015}}</ref><ref>[|title=Israeli Chabad couple to be expelled from India 'for spying' {{!}} The Times of Israel|url=timesofisrael.com/israeli-chabad-couple-to-be-expelled-from-india-as-mossad-agents/amp/|access-date=2021-06-10|website=The Times of Israel}}</ref>


=== Fundraising ===
=== Fundraising ===
Funds for activities of a Chabad center rely entirely on the local community. Chabad centers do not receive funding from Lubavitch headquarters. For the day-to-day operations, local emissaries do all the fundraising by themselves.
Funds for activities of a Chabad center rely entirely on the local community. Chabad centers do not receive funding from Lubavitch headquarters. For the day-to-day operations, local emissaries do all the fundraising by themselves. Chabad emissaries often solicit the support of local Jews.<ref name="ert">[ |author=Mark Avrum Ehrlich |title=The Messiah of Brooklyn: Understanding Lubavitch Hasidim Past and Present |location=Jersey City, N.J. |publisher=KTAV |year=2004 |page=134 |isbn=978-0881258363}}</ref> Funds are used toward purchasing or renovating Chabad centers, synagogues and [[mikveh|mikvahs]].<ref>Fishkoff, Sue, ''The Rebbe's Army: Inside the World of Chabad-Lubavitch'', Schocken Books 2003. pages 160–161.</ref>
 
Chabad emissaries often solicit the support of local Jews.<ref name="ert">[ |author=Mark Avrum Ehrlich |title=The Messiah of Brooklyn: Understanding Lubavitch Hasidim Past and Present |location=Jersey City, N.J. |publisher=KTAV |year=2004 |page=134 |isbn=978-0881258363}}</ref> Funds are used toward purchasing or renovating Chabad centers, synagogues and {{Lang|he|[[mikveh|mikvahs]]}}.<ref>Fishkoff, Sue, ''The Rebbe's Army: Inside the World of Chabad-Lubavitch'', Schocken Books 2003 ({{ISBN|08052 11381}}) pages 160–161.</ref>


== Activities ==
== Activities ==
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