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On 3 Tammuz 5754, he was concealed from physical sight, though based on his own words, Chassidim believe in the eternity of his life in our generation. Among Chabad Chassidim there are various views and approaches to 3 Tammuz, but all believe it is part of the Redemption process and await the Rebbe's revelation as Melech HaMoshiach. | On 3 Tammuz 5754, he was concealed from physical sight, though based on his own words, Chassidim believe in the eternity of his life in our generation. Among Chabad Chassidim there are various views and approaches to 3 Tammuz, but all believe it is part of the Redemption process and await the Rebbe's revelation as Melech HaMoshiach. | ||
== Birth and Early Years == | == Life History == | ||
==== Birth and Early Years ==== | |||
{{Chabad}} | {{Chabad}} | ||
The Rebbe was born on Friday, 11 Nissan 5662 (April 18, 1902) in the Russian-Ukrainian town of Nikolayev, to Rabbi Levi Yitzchak and Rebbetzin Chana Schneerson. His maternal grandfather was Rabbi Meir Shlomo Yanovsky, the Rabbi of Nikolayev. | The Rebbe was born on Friday, 11 Nissan 5662 (April 18, 1902) in the Russian-Ukrainian town of Nikolayev, to Rabbi Levi Yitzchak and Rebbetzin Chana Schneerson. His maternal grandfather was Rabbi Meir Shlomo Yanovsky, the Rabbi of Nikolayev. | ||
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After his father, Rabbi Levi Yitzchak, was appointed Chief Rabbi of Dnepropetrovsk (formerly Yekaterinoslav) in 1909, the family moved there. | After his father, Rabbi Levi Yitzchak, was appointed Chief Rabbi of Dnepropetrovsk (formerly Yekaterinoslav) in 1909, the family moved there. | ||
[[File:הרבי בילדותו.jpg|thumb]] | |||
From a very young age, the Rebbe became known for his diligence and extraordinary memory. His time was mostly dedicated to a comprehensive study of all parts of the Torah—both revealed and hidden. His main guide in learning was his father. The Rebbe described his childhood years as the time when his worldview took shape, which he later applied throughout his life, especially as a Rebbe. In a rare letter to Mr. Yitzchak Ben Zvi, he described his thoughts as a child:<blockquote>“From the time I started going to 'cheder' and even before that, the image of the future redemption began to form in my imagination—the redemption of the Jewish people from their final exile | |||
— a redemption that will explain the suffering of the exile, the decrees, and the destructions.”</blockquote>— Letter from 1956 to Mr. Yitzchak Ben Zvi | |||
— Letter from 1956 to Mr. Yitzchak Ben Zvi | |||
At the age of 18, in 1920, he was appointed to serve as a rabbi in one of the synagogues in the city. | At the age of 18, in 1920, he was appointed to serve as a rabbi in one of the synagogues in the city. | ||
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Due to Soviet authorities not permitting the Rebbe's parents to leave Russia and attend the wedding, they held a simultaneous celebration in Russia to mark their son's wedding. Despite their absence, many friends and supporters attended, and the joy was immense. | Due to Soviet authorities not permitting the Rebbe's parents to leave Russia and attend the wedding, they held a simultaneous celebration in Russia to mark their son's wedding. Despite their absence, many friends and supporters attended, and the joy was immense. | ||
The Rebbe remarked on his wedding day: | The Rebbe remarked on his wedding day:<blockquote>"The day that connected me to you, and you to me, so that together we will labor and bring about the true and complete redemption." | ||
"The day that connected me to you, and you to me, so that together we will labor and bring about the true and complete redemption." | |||
After the wedding, the Rebbe and his wife lived for a short time in Riga. His father-in-law, the Rebbe Rayatz, instructed him to lead gatherings on Shabbat and special days, as well as directing him to handle matters of Jewish law, Kabbalah, and Chassidus, and special duties concerning the guidance of the Chassidim and community. | — Translation from remarks made on the 14th of Kislev 1954.</blockquote>After the wedding, the Rebbe and his wife lived for a short time in Riga. His father-in-law, the Rebbe Rayatz, instructed him to lead gatherings on Shabbat and special days, as well as directing him to handle matters of Jewish law, Kabbalah, and Chassidus, and special duties concerning the guidance of the Chassidim and community. | ||
== Berlin == | ==== Berlin ==== | ||
On the 10th of Shvat, 1929, the Rebbe left Latvia and moved to Berlin, where he established his residence with his wife, Chaya Mushka. Following his father-in-law's instructions, the Rebbe began academic studies at the University of Berlin. | On the 10th of Shvat, 1929, the Rebbe left Latvia and moved to Berlin, where he established his residence with his wife, Chaya Mushka. Following his father-in-law's instructions, the Rebbe began academic studies at the University of Berlin. | ||
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In Nisan 1933, due to the worsening situation and growing anti-Semitism in Germany, the Rebbe and his wife left Berlin and immigrated to Paris. This occurred a few months after Hitler came to power. | In Nisan 1933, due to the worsening situation and growing anti-Semitism in Germany, the Rebbe and his wife left Berlin and immigrated to Paris. This occurred a few months after Hitler came to power. | ||
== Paris == | ==== Paris ==== | ||
In Paris, the Rebbe dedicated himself to Torah study with great diligence, without drawing attention to himself. | In Paris, the Rebbe dedicated himself to Torah study with great diligence, without drawing attention to himself. | ||
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* Other Torah compilations. | * Other Torah compilations. | ||
== During World War II == | ==== During World War II ==== | ||
In the winter of 1939, Chabad in the United States, by the Rebbe Rayatz’s instructions, began lobbying with high-level officials to obtain entry visas for the Rebbe and his wife to the United States. The request was submitted at the American Consulate in Paris. However, due to the war, communication was difficult, and it was unclear whether the visa had been granted. | In the winter of 1939, Chabad in the United States, by the Rebbe Rayatz’s instructions, began lobbying with high-level officials to obtain entry visas for the Rebbe and his wife to the United States. The request was submitted at the American Consulate in Paris. However, due to the war, communication was difficult, and it was unclear whether the visa had been granted. | ||
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On the 17th of Sivan, 1941, the Rebbe and his wife boarded the ship "S.S. Serpa Pinto" from Portugal to New York, where they arrived on the 28th of Sivan, 1941. A delegation of Chassidim sent by the Rebbe Rayatz welcomed them at the port. | On the 17th of Sivan, 1941, the Rebbe and his wife boarded the ship "S.S. Serpa Pinto" from Portugal to New York, where they arrived on the 28th of Sivan, 1941. A delegation of Chassidim sent by the Rebbe Rayatz welcomed them at the port. | ||
== In the United States == | ==== In the United States ==== | ||
Upon his arrival in the United States, the Rebbe began assisting his father-in-law, the Rebbe Rayatz, in all of his activities, particularly his efforts to establish America as a center of Torah and Chassidus. In 1942, the Rebbe Rayatz appointed him as the chairman of the central Chabad institutions: | Upon his arrival in the United States, the Rebbe began assisting his father-in-law, the Rebbe Rayatz, in all of his activities, particularly his efforts to establish America as a center of Torah and Chassidus. In 1942, the Rebbe Rayatz appointed him as the chairman of the central Chabad institutions: | ||
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During those years, the Rebbe also worked as a ship engineer in the U.S. Navy. | During those years, the Rebbe also worked as a ship engineer in the U.S. Navy. | ||
== Activities Toward Accepting Leadership == | ==== Activities Toward Accepting Leadership ==== | ||
''Extended article - The Rebbe's Acceptance of Leadership'' | ''Extended article - [[The Rebbe Accepting The Nesius|The Rebbe's Acceptance of Leadership]]'' | ||
After 10 Shevat 5710 (1950), when news spread of the passing of the Previous Rebbe (Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn), the Chassidim began discussing the need to appoint his son-in-law, the Rebbe (then known as "The RaMaSh"), as his successor. | After 10 Shevat 5710 (1950), when news spread of the passing of the Previous Rebbe (Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn), the Chassidim began discussing the need to appoint his son-in-law, the Rebbe (then known as "The RaMaSh"), as his successor. | ||
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Extensive activity was undertaken by Chassidim worldwide to encourage the Rebbe to accept the leadership. The activity was led by prominent Chassidim across the globe: | Extensive activity was undertaken by Chassidim worldwide to encourage the Rebbe to accept the leadership. The activity was led by prominent Chassidim across the globe: | ||
In the United States: | ===== In the United States: ===== | ||
* [[Rabbi Eliyahu Yeichil-Simpson|Rabbi Eliyahu Simpson]] - Gabbai of the Previous Rebbe | |||
* Rabbi Eliyahu Simpson - Gabbai of the Previous Rebbe | |||
* Rabbi Israel Jacobson - Leader of Agudas Chassidei Chabad | * Rabbi Israel Jacobson - Leader of Agudas Chassidei Chabad | ||
* Rabbi Shneur Zalman Gurary | * [[Rabbi Shneur Zalman Gurary]] | ||
* Rabbi Shmuel Zalmanov | * Rabbi Shmuel Zalmanov | ||
* Rabbi Shmuel Levitin - The Mashpia | * Rabbi Shmuel Levitin - The Mashpia | ||
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* Rabbi Meir Ashkenazi - Rabbi of Shanghai | * Rabbi Meir Ashkenazi - Rabbi of Shanghai | ||
In the Holy Land: | ===== In the Holy Land: ===== | ||
* Rabbi Eliezer Karasik - Chairman of Agudas Chassidei Chabad in the Holy Land | * Rabbi Eliezer Karasik - Chairman of Agudas Chassidei Chabad in the Holy Land | ||
* Rabbi Moshe Gurary - Director of Agudas Chassidei Chabad | * Rabbi Moshe Gurary - Director of Agudas Chassidei Chabad | ||
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* Rabbi Avraham Chaim Na'eh | * Rabbi Avraham Chaim Na'eh | ||
In Europe: | ===== In Europe: ===== | ||
* Rabbi Nissan Nemenov - Director and Mashpia of Tomchei Tmimim in Brunoy | * Rabbi Nissan Nemenov - Director and Mashpia of Tomchei Tmimim in Brunoy | ||
* Rabbi Israel Noach Blinitzky | * Rabbi Israel Noach Blinitzky | ||
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== Leadership of Chabad Chassidism == | == Leadership of Chabad Chassidism == | ||
==== His role as Rebbe ==== | |||
After the passing of the Previous Rebbe, he began energetically expanding the Torah and educational institutions established by the Previous Rebbe worldwide. | After the passing of the Previous Rebbe, he began energetically expanding the Torah and educational institutions established by the Previous Rebbe worldwide. | ||
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During the Purim gathering in 5711, held several weeks after accepting leadership, the Rebbe began speaking about himself and his leadership, stating "I am only a pipeline," "One must be connected to the Rebbe, I am only filling a position in one aspect." Among other things, he said: "After the passing of the Rebbe RaShaB, the Previous Rebbe once said that he doesn't say 'may his soul rest in Eden' about his father, because why say 'may his soul rest in Eden' when it's easier and better to say 'his soul is within me.' The same applies to the Rebbe – I don't say 'may his soul rest in Eden,' but rather 'his soul is within me'!" | During the Purim gathering in 5711, held several weeks after accepting leadership, the Rebbe began speaking about himself and his leadership, stating "I am only a pipeline," "One must be connected to the Rebbe, I am only filling a position in one aspect." Among other things, he said: "After the passing of the Rebbe RaShaB, the Previous Rebbe once said that he doesn't say 'may his soul rest in Eden' about his father, because why say 'may his soul rest in Eden' when it's easier and better to say 'his soul is within me.' The same applies to the Rebbe – I don't say 'may his soul rest in Eden,' but rather 'his soul is within me'!" | ||
== Activities in the Jewish World == | ==== Daily Schedule ==== | ||
''Extended article - The Ten Mivtzoyim'' | ''Extended article - The Rebbe's Daily Schedule'' | ||
For most of the day, the Rebbe's occupation revolved primarily around Torah study and responding to letters sent to him from around the world. Additionally, with increasing frequency over the years, the Rebbe would visit the resting place of his father-in-law, the Previous Rebbe. Furthermore, for decades the Rebbe dedicated time three times a week to receive people for private audiences in his personal room, where he would answer people's questions and guide them in divine service. In later years, due to the heavy burden, the Rebbe discontinued private audiences and began receiving the public in general audiences in his study hall. On 11 Nissan 5746, the Rebbe began distributing dollars for charity every Sunday. Many rabbis and public figures came to the Rebbe during the dollar distribution and private audiences to receive his blessing and advice. | |||
Every Shabbat, a gathering was held with the Rebbe, where he would deliver talks dealing with both the revealed and mystical aspects of Torah, as well as current affairs. Starting in 5725, the Rebbe began analyzing one of Rashi's commentaries on the weekly Torah portion at every gathering. From late 5730, the Rebbe began studying one of his father's commentaries in Likkutei Levi Yitzchak at every gathering, and from 5744, the Rebbe began analyzing one of the daily Rambam lessons at every gathering. | |||
== His Work and Influence == | |||
==== Activities in the Jewish World ==== | |||
''Extended article - [[The Ten Mivtzoim|The Ten Mivtzoyim]]'' | |||
After ascending to the Nesius (leadership), the Rebbe began leading campaigns to publicize Jewish mitzvos and Chassidic teachings under the banner of "Ufaratzta" (And you shall spread forth), taken from the possuk "Ufaratzta yama vakeidma v'tzafona v'negba" [westward, eastward, northward and southward]. Within this framework, the Rebbe called upon his Chassidim to influence wherever possible, to fulfill mitzvos and study Torah, among other things, by going out to public places and meriting the public with these mitzvos. The Rebbe also called for financial assistance to those who couldn't afford tashmishei mitzvah (ritual items). | After ascending to the Nesius (leadership), the Rebbe began leading campaigns to publicize Jewish mitzvos and Chassidic teachings under the banner of "Ufaratzta" (And you shall spread forth), taken from the possuk "Ufaratzta yama vakeidma v'tzafona v'negba" [westward, eastward, northward and southward]. Within this framework, the Rebbe called upon his Chassidim to influence wherever possible, to fulfill mitzvos and study Torah, among other things, by going out to public places and meriting the public with these mitzvos. The Rebbe also called for financial assistance to those who couldn't afford tashmishei mitzvah (ritual items). | ||
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Following his call, Chabad Chassidim set up tefillin stands in city streets offering passersby the opportunity to perform this mitzvah. N'shei uBnos Chabad (Chabad women and girls) are active in distributing Shabbos candles and explanatory pamphlets about the mitzvah to women and girls. Additionally, Chabad Houses offer mezuzah installation and checking services, and kitchen kashering for all who are interested. | Following his call, Chabad Chassidim set up tefillin stands in city streets offering passersby the opportunity to perform this mitzvah. N'shei uBnos Chabad (Chabad women and girls) are active in distributing Shabbos candles and explanatory pamphlets about the mitzvah to women and girls. Additionally, Chabad Houses offer mezuzah installation and checking services, and kitchen kashering for all who are interested. | ||
In this period following his acceptance of the Nesius, the Rebbe established in Eretz HaKodesh: | In this period following his acceptance of the Nesius, the Rebbe established in Eretz HaKodesh: | ||
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Concurrently, the Rebbe worked extensively for Kfar Chabad both b'gashmius and b'ruchnius, from specific instructions in all areas of life, concern for expanding the mosdos, establishing enterprises and material welfare, to matters of tznius, chinuch, and activities for hafatzas hamaayanos. | Concurrently, the Rebbe worked extensively for Kfar Chabad both b'gashmius and b'ruchnius, from specific instructions in all areas of life, concern for expanding the mosdos, establishing enterprises and material welfare, to matters of tznius, chinuch, and activities for hafatzas hamaayanos. | ||
== The Shlichus Enterprise == | ==== The Shlichus Enterprise ==== | ||
''Extended article - Chabad House'' | ''Extended article - Chabad House'' | ||
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Under the Rebbe's leadership, the concept of shlichus became a central requirement from Chabad Chassidim in particular, and from every Jew in general, to leave their place and dedicate themselves to spreading Yiddishkeit and Chassidus in places that needed it. As part of this requirement, the Rebbe established the shlichus enterprise, appointing his Chassidim as shluchim in every location and establishing Chabad Houses worldwide that provide both gashmius (material) and ruchnius (spiritual) assistance to every Jew. Over the years, the shlichus enterprise expanded, and today it encompasses almost every city and settlement in the world where Jews are found, numbering over 6,000 shluchim, including 1,700 shluchim in Eretz Yisroel. | Under the Rebbe's leadership, the concept of shlichus became a central requirement from Chabad Chassidim in particular, and from every Jew in general, to leave their place and dedicate themselves to spreading Yiddishkeit and Chassidus in places that needed it. As part of this requirement, the Rebbe established the shlichus enterprise, appointing his Chassidim as shluchim in every location and establishing Chabad Houses worldwide that provide both gashmius (material) and ruchnius (spiritual) assistance to every Jew. Over the years, the shlichus enterprise expanded, and today it encompasses almost every city and settlement in the world where Jews are found, numbering over 6,000 shluchim, including 1,700 shluchim in Eretz Yisroel. | ||
== The Daily Rambam Study Initiative == | ==== The Daily Rambam Study Initiative ==== | ||
''Extended article - The Daily Rambam Study Takana'' | ''Extended article - The Daily Rambam Study Takana'' | ||
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At one farbrengen in 5744, which was actually a continuation of the Yud-Tes Kislev farbrengen that fell that year on Friday, the Rebbe mentioned and aroused that the time had come to arrange a division similar to the division of Shas in studying the Rambam's Mishneh Torah. The directive wasn't immediately implemented, but the talmidim hashluchim at the Chabad yeshiva in Casablanca, Morocco, where the Rambam had lived for several years, who learned this sicha, divided the entire Mishneh Torah among the Torah community in Morocco, to be learned between Yud Shevat (the day of accepting the nesius) and the Rebbe's birthday on Yud-Alef Nissan and the Rambam's birthday on Yud-Daled Nissan. The talmidim hashluchim themselves took "Hilchos Shluchin V'Shutfin" in connection with their role as the Rebbe's shluchim, and Reb Shlomo Matusof, the head shliach and yeshiva director, gave them a shiur in these halachos. | At one farbrengen in 5744, which was actually a continuation of the Yud-Tes Kislev farbrengen that fell that year on Friday, the Rebbe mentioned and aroused that the time had come to arrange a division similar to the division of Shas in studying the Rambam's Mishneh Torah. The directive wasn't immediately implemented, but the talmidim hashluchim at the Chabad yeshiva in Casablanca, Morocco, where the Rambam had lived for several years, who learned this sicha, divided the entire Mishneh Torah among the Torah community in Morocco, to be learned between Yud Shevat (the day of accepting the nesius) and the Rebbe's birthday on Yud-Alef Nissan and the Rambam's birthday on Yud-Daled Nissan. The talmidim hashluchim themselves took "Hilchos Shluchin V'Shutfin" in connection with their role as the Rebbe's shluchim, and Reb Shlomo Matusof, the head shliach and yeshiva director, gave them a shiur in these halachos. | ||
== The Seven Noahide Laws == | ==== The Seven Noahide Laws ==== | ||
''Extended article - The Seven Noahide Laws'' | ''Extended article - The Seven Noahide Laws'' | ||
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Following his initiative and his Chassidim's activities on the matter, the United States Congress declared the importance of the Seven Noahide Laws as the foundation of modern social morality. | Following his initiative and his Chassidim's activities on the matter, the United States Congress declared the importance of the Seven Noahide Laws as the foundation of modern social morality. | ||
== Education in the American Congress == | ==== Education in the American Congress ==== | ||
''Extended article - Education Day USA'' | ''Extended article - Education Day USA'' | ||
In 5738 (1978), the United States Congress decided to declare | In the year 5738 (1978), the United States Congress decided to declare the 11th of Nissan, the Rebbe's birthday, as "Education and Sharing Day," during which efforts and resources would be increased to improve education in all educational institutions for all ages throughout the United States. In the text of the proposal submitted by Congress for ratification by then-President Jimmy Carter, the seven Noahide laws are mentioned as a model for the moral principles upon which human civilization rests. Since this legislation, the United States' "Education and Sharing Day" has been proclaimed each year by the sitting President on the day corresponding to the Hebrew date of 11 Nissan, the Rebbe's birthday. The Rebbe expressed his gratitude for the decision of Congress and explained in a farbrengen the significance of establishing this day as "Education Day":<blockquote>The government declared a certain day (11 Nissan) as "Education Day" throughout the United States. Everything must have a source in Torah. And seemingly - where is the source for this matter, to connect an essential and important matter with a special day of the year? Especially the matter of education, which is an ongoing and constant matter at every moment. | ||
The answer to this is: The obligation to accept the yoke of Heaven is constant at every moment, and nevertheless a special day of the year was established for this - Rosh Hashanah; we are obligated to mention the Exodus from Egypt every day, during the day and at night, and together with this a special day of the year was established, the holiday of Pesach, as the "time of our freedom"; the obligation to study Torah is at every free moment, and nevertheless they established a special day of the year, the holiday of Shavuot, as a day of renewed awakening regarding everything connected to receiving the Torah and studying it. | |||
And here, in this matter we see how the world is getting closer to the coming of Moshiach. For in the future, the promise will be fulfilled "Then I will transform the peoples to a clear language... to serve Him with one consent," one of the aspects of this being that a mighty kingdom, a "superpower," which has influence throughout the entire world, has publicly declared for all to see the greatness of the importance and vitality of the matter of education. | |||
— From the talk of 11 Nissan 5738 - notes of the listeners</blockquote>Additionally, in New York State, numerous "Education Days" are proclaimed each year before the 11th of Nissan, corresponding to the number of years of the Rebbe's life. The declaration is delivered by the Governor of New York State, the two legislative houses, the Assembly and the Senate, in a special ceremony conducted by Rabbi Shmuel Butman. | |||
== A Moment of Silence == | ==== A Moment of Silence ==== | ||
''Extended article - [[A Moment of Silence|Moment of Silence]]'' | ''Extended article - [[A Moment of Silence|Moment of Silence]]'' | ||
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Following the Rebbe's call, President Ronald Reagan signed a proclamation to implement the 'Moment of Silence' in schools across the United States. | Following the Rebbe's call, President Ronald Reagan signed a proclamation to implement the 'Moment of Silence' in schools across the United States. | ||
== | ==== Activities by Year ==== | ||
== | |||
* 5710 (1950): Establishment of the emissary project in Morocco. Sent first emissaries to Morocco: Rabbi Michael Lipsker and Rabbi Shlomo Matusof. | * 5710 (1950): Establishment of the emissary project in Morocco. Sent first emissaries to Morocco: Rabbi Michael Lipsker and Rabbi Shlomo Matusof. | ||
* 5711 (1951): The Rebbe accepts leadership. Sends Rabbi Tzvi Hirsch Chitrik to Brazil. | * 5711 (1951): The Rebbe accepts leadership. Sends Rabbi Tzvi Hirsch Chitrik to Brazil. | ||
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* 5753: Began encouraging the declaration "Yechi Adoneinu Moreinu V'Rabbeinu Melech HaMoshiach L'olam Va'ed" | * 5753: Began encouraging the declaration "Yechi Adoneinu Moreinu V'Rabbeinu Melech HaMoshiach L'olam Va'ed" | ||
== Torah and Science == | == His Torah and and Teachings == | ||
==== His Seforim ==== | |||
''Extended articles - The Rebbe's Seforim, The Rebbe's Learning Method'' | |||
Hundreds of seforim document the Rebbe's teachings, some based on the divrei Torah he spoke for hours during his public appearances on Shabbos, Yomim Tovim, and special occasions, and others are collections from his letters on various topics. Most of the Rebbe's words were documented and written by the 'chozrim' - a group of Chassidim with exceptional memory, who would transcribe the Rebbe's words. These sichos were printed in the Sichos Kodesh series and later translated to Hebrew in the Divrei Moshiach and Toras Menachem - Hisvaaduyos series. | |||
Many sichos were edited and reviewed by the Rebbe and printed in Likkutei Sichos (comprising about 40 volumes) and in Sefer HaSichos (comprising about 12 volumes). These sichos contain the Rebbe's Torah chiddushim in various areas - in Chassidus, Kabbalah, Gemara, and even in the simple meaning of Rashi's commentary on the Torah, as they are explained through pshat, drush, remez, and sod, and as was the Rebbe's custom to connect things to the time they were said. Many of the sichos also dealt with instructions for Chassidim and explained his perspectives on world events. | |||
The Rebbe's maamarim (Chassidic discourses) were printed in Sefer HaMaamarim arranged by parsha, and some were edited by the Rebbe and printed in [[Sefer HaMaamarim - Melukot|Sefer HaMaamarim - Melukat]]. Some of his letters containing instructions, advice, and brachos were printed in the Igros Kodesh series. | |||
==== Torah and Science ==== | |||
The Rebbe supported the view that science does not contradict religion, arguing that science's role is merely to hypothesize, and therefore should not be considered against the certainties of Torah. The Rebbe even expressed displeasure with observant scientists who tried to hide Torah views in the face of "scientific hypotheses." | The Rebbe supported the view that science does not contradict religion, arguing that science's role is merely to hypothesize, and therefore should not be considered against the certainties of Torah. The Rebbe even expressed displeasure with observant scientists who tried to hide Torah views in the face of "scientific hypotheses." | ||
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The Rebbe also believed that since "everything that God created in His world, He created only for His glory," all scientific discoveries that have been innovated and revealed in recent years are intended to add to God's glory through their utilization for Torah and holiness. Over the years, the Rebbe was careful to harness technology for holiness, encouraged Tanya classes on radio, and even broadcast his gatherings live several times. | The Rebbe also believed that since "everything that God created in His world, He created only for His glory," all scientific discoveries that have been innovated and revealed in recent years are intended to add to God's glory through their utilization for Torah and holiness. Over the years, the Rebbe was careful to harness technology for holiness, encouraged Tanya classes on radio, and even broadcast his gatherings live several times. | ||
== | ==== Hafatzat HaMayanot (Spreading the Wellsprings) ==== | ||
''Extended | Extended entry – '''Spreading the Wellsprings Outward''' | ||
The Rebbe transformed the concept of Hafatzat HaMayanot into the work of the seventh generation, and even expressed several times that this is the most general matter in our generation, and the special mitzvah in which the people of our generation need to be 'especially careful'. For this purpose, the Rebbe established the Shluchim (emissaries) project and Chabad Houses, which brought Chassidic teachings to every place. | |||
The Rebbe expressed that spreading the wellsprings takes precedence over spreading Judaism, since it is in the category of "a mitzvah that cannot be performed by others," and particularly because generally, spreading the wellsprings naturally leads to changes in the world of those who study it, also in matters of observing Torah and mitzvot. | |||
In recent years, the Rebbe announced that the work of spreading the wellsprings has been completed, and there is no longer anything delaying the coming of the Redemption, and we only need to prepare the people of the generation and the world to receive Moshiach. | |||
==== Study of Secular Knowledge ==== | |||
Extended entry – '''Secular Knowledge''' | |||
The Rebbe studied foreign languages in his childhood during times when he stayed in places where Torah study was forbidden. In his youth, he studied additional general subjects for matriculation exams, during times that did not detract at all from his extensive holy studies. After his marriage, he studied academic subjects under the instruction of his father-in-law, the Rebbe Rayatz. The Rebbe focused mainly on studying natural sciences, and it is known that he received degrees in engineering and physics. The Rebbe used the knowledge he acquired at university to prove his halachic opinion regarding halachic-technological questions. | |||
However, many times the Rebbe firmly expressed his view opposing study in college, for several reasons: a. The atmosphere in these studies is permeated with denial of G-d and His providence. b. Academic studies incorporate subjects that are in the category of idol worship. c. The atmosphere on campuses is one of complete immodesty and contrary to tzniut. | |||
In a letter to a young man who served as a shliach and wanted to study in college, the Rebbe elaborated on the severity of the matter, particularly as the Rebbe's emissary, that when he goes to study in college, he takes the Rebbe there with him. | |||
==== Relationship to the State and Land of Israel ==== | |||
Extended entries – '''State of Israel • Land Integrity • Requests for the Rebbe to come to Israel and the Responses''' | |||
The Rebbe, like previous Chabad Rebbes (the Rebbe Rashab and the Rebbe Rayatz), opposed the Zionist idea, yet they viewed the State of Israel as a "miracle of salvation", though he recognized it "de facto" (in practice) and not "de jure" (in principle). | |||
The Rebbe also showed active involvement in the life of the state, and met with state leaders, IDF officers, and heads of the Israeli security system. He firmly opposed giving territories to Arabs, and presented the opinion of military experts that giving away territories could lead to danger to life. The Rebbe based his opposition on the Shulchan Aruch and repeated the halacha that non-Jews who approached Jewish towns near the border, even if they only want to come for the purpose of gathering straw and hay, we desecrate Shabbat for them, lest they capture the city and from there the land would be easy to conquer. | |||
Nevertheless, the Rebbe never went to Israel. When asked about this, he gave several answers, including that he wanted to be close to the resting place of his father-in-law, the Rebbe Rayatz. In a public talk in 5719 (1959), the Rebbe explained this by saying: "There are those who ask why I myself do not travel to settle there. Well, this is a matter that does not depend on me, and meanwhile I cannot do this, but this has no relevance to everyone else, except for me. I don't know if they imagine what is holding me back, and if it matters whether they know or not, but in any case, that is not what we are discussing now." | |||
To those who suggested that he fly and even said they were willing to pay for the ticket, he said he could not. | |||
== The Rebbe as Moshiach == | == The Rebbe as Moshiach == | ||
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In 5751, the Rebbe announced the beginning of Moshiach's revelation, and subsequently announced that the leader of our generation received the mission from God to reveal himself as Moshiach. That year, belief in the Rebbe as Moshiach received public expression on several occasions, and the Rebbe approved its publication when he encouraged the Chassidim's singing: "Yechi Adoneinu Moreinu V'Rabbeinu Melech HaMoshiach L'olam Va'ed." | In 5751, the Rebbe announced the beginning of Moshiach's revelation, and subsequently announced that the leader of our generation received the mission from God to reveal himself as Moshiach. That year, belief in the Rebbe as Moshiach received public expression on several occasions, and the Rebbe approved its publication when he encouraged the Chassidim's singing: "Yechi Adoneinu Moreinu V'Rabbeinu Melech HaMoshiach L'olam Va'ed." | ||
== His | == His Niggunim == | ||
In the early years of his leadership, the Rebbe taught melodies, some of which were known and forgotten, and some he composed himself. Usually, the time for teaching melodies was during the Simchat Torah gathering held before dawn, after the Hakafot. | In the early years of his leadership, the Rebbe taught melodies, some of which were known and forgotten, and some he composed himself. Usually, the time for teaching melodies was during the Simchat Torah gathering held before dawn, after the Hakafot. | ||
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* Joseph Telushkin "Rebbe: The life and teachings of Menachem M. Schneerson, the most influential Rabbi in Modern History" (2014) | * Joseph Telushkin "Rebbe: The life and teachings of Menachem M. Schneerson, the most influential Rabbi in Modern History" (2014) | ||
== Miscellaneous == | ==== Miscellaneous ==== | ||
* Exit from Russia (book), Gate of Wanderings, accepting leadership in Pocking, Rebbe's Igros Kodesh to Pocking | * Exit from Russia (book), Gate of Wanderings, accepting leadership in Pocking, Rebbe's Igros Kodesh to Pocking | ||
* R' Chesed Halberstam discusses his years as meshares bakodesh for the Rebbe and Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka - Beis Moshiach Weekly issue 470 | * R' Chesed Halberstam discusses his years as meshares bakodesh for the Rebbe and Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka - Beis Moshiach Weekly issue 470 | ||
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* Tami Holtzman, "Rebbe and Chassidim Through the Camera Lens", Beis Moshiach Weekly, issue 1315 pages 20-26 (2023) | * Tami Holtzman, "Rebbe and Chassidim Through the Camera Lens", Beis Moshiach Weekly, issue 1315 pages 20-26 (2023) | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
== External Links == | |||
==== General ==== | |||
* Rebbe Drive website | |||
* The Lubavitcher Rebbe section - Chabad.org | |||
* The Lubavitcher Rebbe section - Beit Chabad website | |||
* Cover story about the Rebbe in the New York Times | |||
* "The Rebbe Lives and Exists" - NRG website, Mati Tuchfeld | |||
==== History ==== | |||
* Librarian Rabbi Shalom DovBer Levin reveals new details related to the Rebbe's early years - Chabad.org website | |||
* Wedding Journal - Description of the Rebbe's conduct at his wedding - from the diary of R' Eliyahu Chaim Althaus - Chabad.org | |||
* General overview of the Rebbe's wedding - Collection from the book "Nissuei HaNesiim" (link inactive, 23 Tishrei 5784) | |||
* The Rebbe's references to his wedding day - Chapter from the book "Nissuei HaNesiim" | |||
* The canceled plan: The Rebbe's wedding in the month of Elul from the book "Nissuei HaNesiim" | |||
* Shneur Zalman Berger reviews in Beit Moshiach weekly the history of the Rebbe during the Holocaust and the years preceding it: "Days of Wrath and Fury" - Part One, The Rescue from Burning Europe - Part Two | |||
* Poet Avraham Shlonsky and the Rebbe - by Rabbi Shneur Zalman Berger | |||
==== The Rebbe and Leaders of the Generation ==== | |||
* Letters of appreciation to the Rebbe from important rabbis around the world, on the Torah of Chabad for Yeshiva Students website | |||
==== Video ==== | |||
* Collection of video clips of the Rebbe - Chabad.org | |||
* Moshiach Now - The Rebbe's prophecies | |||
* "The Rebbe received the 'Letter of Hiskashrus' and burst into tears - Events of the day the Rebbe accepted leadership. Amazing testimony" - on the 12 Shevat 5775 website | |||
[[Category:5662 births]] | [[Category:5662 births]] | ||