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'''Chabad-Lubavitch''' is the Chassidic movement founded by [[the Alter Rebbe]], Rabbi Schneuri Zalman of Liadi in Tsarist Russia, and is a main offshoots of the general Chassidic movement founded by [[the Baal Shem Tov]], Rabbi Yisrael ben Elizer and his successor, [[the Maggid of Mezritch]], Rabbi Dovber ben Avraham.  
'''Chabad-Lubavitch''' is the Chassidic movement founded by [[the Alter Rebbe]], Rabbi Schneuri Zalman of Liadi in Tsarist Russia, and is a main offshoots of the general Chassidic movement founded by [[the Baal Shem Tov]], Rabbi Yisrael ben Elizer and his successor, [[the Maggid of Mezritch]], Rabbi Dovber ben Avraham.  


The name "Chabad" (חב״ד) is an acronym formed from the three Hebrew words [[Sefiras HaChochma|Chochmah]] (חכמה "Wisdom") , [[Sefiras HaBinah|Binah]] (בינה "Understanding"), [[Sefiras HaDaas|Daas]] (דעת "Knowledge") which are the first three of the [[Ten Sefiros]]. These three aspects of the intellect represent the focus of [[Toras HaChassidus|Chabad teachings]].<ref>"About Chabad-Lubavitch" Chabad.org.</ref> The name [[Lubavitch]] derives from the town in which the Alter Rebbe's son and successor, [[the Mitteler Rebbe], Rabbi Dovber Schneuri, relocated the movement after the war between Napoleon and Russia. The succeeding Rebbes of Chabad resided in the town until the First World War. Following the rise of Communism in Russia, the sixth Rebbe of Chabad, [[the Rebbe Rayatz]], Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, moved the center of the Chabad movement from Russia to Poland. After the outbreak of World War II, he moved the center of the movement to [[770 Eastern Parkway]] in the [[Crown Heights]] section of Brooklyn (New York, [[United States|USA]]). There, following the ''[[histalkus]]'' of the Rebbe Rayatz in 1950, [[the Rebbe]], Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson became the leader of the worldwide Chabad movement exactly one year later. In the following decades, the Rebbe transformed the Chabad movement into one of the most widespread Jewish movements in the world. Under his leadership, Chabad established a large network of institutions to [[spread the wellsprings]] of the teachings of Chassidus, as well as to provide for the religious, social and humanitarian needs of Jews across the world. Chabad institutions provide outreach to unaffiliated Jews and humanitarian aid, as well as religious, cultural and educational activities. The impact of the Chabad movement on non-Chassidic Jews is widely recognised. In a 2020 study, the Pew Research Center found that 16% of American Jews from different backgrounds participated in Chabad services or activities at least semi-regularly.<ref>Pew Research Center, "Jewish Americans in 2020", pewforum.org.</ref> The Rebbe's focus on the immediate coming of the [[Moshiach]], a foundational Jewish belief, was made very clear in many teachings and writings, and which continue to inspire his Chassidim until this very day.
The name "Chabad" (חב״ד) is an acronym formed from the three Hebrew words [[Sefiras HaChochma|Chochmah]] (חכמה "Wisdom") , [[Sefiras HaBinah|Binah]] (בינה "Understanding"), [[Sefiras HaDaas|Daas]] (דעת "Knowledge") which are the first three of the [[Ten Sefiros]]. These three aspects of the intellect represent the focus of [[Toras HaChassidus|Chabad teachings]].<ref>"About Chabad-Lubavitch" Chabad.org.</ref> The name [[Lubavitch]] derives from the town in which the Alter Rebbe's son and successor, [[the Mitteler Rebbe], Rabbi Dovber Schneuri, relocated the movement after the war between Napoleon and Russia. The succeeding Rebbes of Chabad resided in the town until the First World War. Following the rise of Communism in Russia, the sixth Rebbe of Chabad, [[the Rebbe Rayatz]], Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, moved the center of the Chabad movement from Russia to Poland. After the outbreak of World War II, he moved the center of the movement to [[770 Eastern Parkway]] in the [[Crown Heights]] section of Brooklyn (New York, [[United States of America|USA]]). There, following the ''[[histalkus]]'' of the Rebbe Rayatz in 1950, [[the Rebbe]], Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson became the leader of the worldwide Chabad movement exactly one year later. In the following decades, the Rebbe transformed the Chabad movement into one of the most widespread Jewish movements in the world. Under his leadership, Chabad established a large network of institutions to [[spread the wellsprings]] of the teachings of Chassidus, as well as to provide for the religious, social and humanitarian needs of Jews across the world. Chabad institutions provide outreach to unaffiliated Jews and humanitarian aid, as well as religious, cultural and educational activities. The impact of the Chabad movement on non-Chassidic Jews is widely recognised. In a 2020 study, the Pew Research Center found that 16% of American Jews from different backgrounds participated in Chabad services or activities at least semi-regularly.<ref>Pew Research Center, "Jewish Americans in 2020", pewforum.org.</ref> The Rebbe's focus on the immediate coming of the [[Moshiach]], a foundational Jewish belief, was made very clear in many teachings and writings, and which continue to inspire his Chassidim until this very day.


== History ==
== History ==

Revision as of 05:43, 4 March 2025

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Chabad

Chabad-Lubavitch is the Chassidic movement founded by the Alter Rebbe, Rabbi Schneuri Zalman of Liadi in Tsarist Russia, and is a main offshoots of the general Chassidic movement founded by the Baal Shem Tov, Rabbi Yisrael ben Elizer and his successor, the Maggid of Mezritch, Rabbi Dovber ben Avraham.

The name "Chabad" (חב״ד) is an acronym formed from the three Hebrew words Chochmah (חכמה "Wisdom") , Binah (בינה "Understanding"), Daas (דעת "Knowledge") which are the first three of the Ten Sefiros. These three aspects of the intellect represent the focus of Chabad teachings.[1] The name Lubavitch derives from the town in which the Alter Rebbe's son and successor, [[the Mitteler Rebbe], Rabbi Dovber Schneuri, relocated the movement after the war between Napoleon and Russia. The succeeding Rebbes of Chabad resided in the town until the First World War. Following the rise of Communism in Russia, the sixth Rebbe of Chabad, the Rebbe Rayatz, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, moved the center of the Chabad movement from Russia to Poland. After the outbreak of World War II, he moved the center of the movement to 770 Eastern Parkway in the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn (New York, USA). There, following the histalkus of the Rebbe Rayatz in 1950, the Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson became the leader of the worldwide Chabad movement exactly one year later. In the following decades, the Rebbe transformed the Chabad movement into one of the most widespread Jewish movements in the world. Under his leadership, Chabad established a large network of institutions to spread the wellsprings of the teachings of Chassidus, as well as to provide for the religious, social and humanitarian needs of Jews across the world. Chabad institutions provide outreach to unaffiliated Jews and humanitarian aid, as well as religious, cultural and educational activities. The impact of the Chabad movement on non-Chassidic Jews is widely recognised. In a 2020 study, the Pew Research Center found that 16% of American Jews from different backgrounds participated in Chabad services or activities at least semi-regularly.[2] The Rebbe's focus on the immediate coming of the Moshiach, a foundational Jewish belief, was made very clear in many teachings and writings, and which continue to inspire his Chassidim until this very day.

History

The Chabad movement was established after the First Partition of Poland in the town of Liozno, Pskov Governorate, Russian Empire (now Liozna, Belarus), in 1775, by Shneur Zalman,[3] a student of Dov Ber of Mezeritch, the successor to Hasidism's founder, Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov. Rabbi Dovber Shneuri, the Second Rebbe, moved the movement to Lyubavichi (Template:Langx, Lyubavitsh), in current-day Russia, in 1813.[4]

The Alter Rebbe, born in 1745 in the city of Liozna.

The movement was centered in Lyubavichi for a century until the fifth Rebbe, Rabbi Shalom Dovber left the village in 1915[5] and moved to the city of Rostov-on-Don. During the interwar period, following Bolshevik persecution, the Chabad-Lubavitch movement, under the Sixth Rebbe, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak, was centered in Riga and then in Warsaw. The outbreak of World War II led the Sixth Rebbe to move to the United States. Since 1940, the movement's center has been in the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn.[6][7]

File:Huh-Ukh 1911.jpg
Chabad newspaper, Template:Transliteration (1911)
File:Chabad of Boston Appeal (1927).jpg
Chabad of Boston Appeal (1927)

While the movement spawned a number of offshoot groups throughout its history, the Chabad-Lubavitch branch is the only one still active, making it the movement's main surviving line.[8] Historian Jonathan Sarna has characterized Chabad as having enjoyed the fastest rate of growth of any Jewish religious movement in the period 1946–2015.[9]

In the early 1900s, Chabad-Lubavitch legally incorporated itself under Agudas Chasidei Chabad ("Association of Chabad Hasidim").Template:Citation needed

In the 1980s, tensions arose between Chabad and Satmar Chasidim as a result of several assaults on Chabad Hasidim by Satmar Hasidim.[10][11][12]

Oppression and resurgence in Russia

Template:Main The Chabad movement was subjected to governmental oppression in Russia. The Russian government, first under the Czar, later under the Bolsheviks, imprisoned all but one of the Chabad rebbes.[13][14] The Bolsheviks also imprisoned, exiled and executed a number of Chabad Hasidim.[15][16][17] During the Second World War, many Chabad Hasidim evacuated to the Uzbek cities of Samarkand and Tashkent where they established small centers of Hasidic life, while at the same time seeking ways to emigrate from Soviet Russia due to the government's suppression of religious life.[18] The reach of Chabad in Central Asia also included earlier efforts that took place in the 1920s.[19] Following the war, and well after the center of the Chabad movement moved to the United States, the movement remained active in Soviet Russia, aiding the local Jews known as Refuseniks who sought to learn more about Judaism.[20] And throughout the Soviet era, the Chabad movement maintained a secret network across the USSR.[21] Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, state persecution of Chabad ceased. The Chief Rabbi of Russia, Berel Lazar, a Chabad emissary, maintains warm relations with Russian President Vladimir Putin.[22] Lazar also received the Order of Friendship and Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" medals from him.[23]

Leadership

File:Schneersohn Family.png
Schneersohn family

Template:Chabad (Rebbes and Chasidim) The Chabad movement has been led by a succession of Hasidic rebbes. The main branch of the movement, Chabad-Lubavitch, has had seven rebbes:

  • Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi (1745–1812), founded the Chabad movement in the town of Liozna. The Chabad movement began as a separate school of thought within the Hasidic movement, focusing of the spread of Hasidic mystical teachings using logical reasoning (creating a kind of Jewish "rational-mysticism").[24] Shneur Zalman's main work is the Tanya (or Template:Transliteration, "Book of the Average Man"). The Tanya is the central book of Chabad thought and is studied daily by followers of the Chabad movement. Shneur Zalman's other works include a collection of writings on Hasidic thought, and the Template:Transliteration, a revised version of the code of Halakha, both of which are studied regularly by followers of Chabad. Shneur Zalman's successors went by last names such as "Schneuri" and "Schneersohn" (later "Schneerson"), signifying their descent from the movement's founder. He is commonly referred to as the "Old Rebbe" (Template:Langx or Template:Langx).[25][26]
  • Rabbi Dovber Schneuri (1773–1827), son of Rabbi Shneur Zalman, led the Chabad movement in the town of Lyubavichi (Lubavitch). His leadership was initially disputed by Rabbi Aaron Halevi of Stroselye, however, Rabbi Dovber was generally recognized as his father's rightful successor, and the movement's leader. Rabbi Dovber published a number of his writings on Hasidic thought, greatly expanding his father's work. He also published some of his father's writings. Many of Rabbi Dovber's works have been subsequently republished by the Chabad movement. He is commonly referred to as the Template:Transliteration (Template:Langx 'Middle Rabbi', Template:Langx).[27][28]
  • Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn (1789–1866), a grandson of Rabbi Shneur Zalman and son-in-law of Rabbi Dovber. Following his attempt to persuade the Chabad movement to accept his brother-in-law or uncle as rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel assumed the title of rebbe of Chabad, also leading the movement from the town of Lyubavichi (Lubavitch). He published a number of his works on both Hasidic thought and Jewish law. Rabbi Menachem Mendel also published some of the works of his grandfather, Rabbi Shneur Zalman. He is commonly referred to as the Template:Transliteration after the title of his responsa.[29]
  • Rabbi Shmuel Schneersohn (1834–1882), was the seventh and youngest son of Rabbi Menachem Mendel. He assumed the title of rebbe in town of Lyubavichi (Lubavitch), while several of his brothers assumed the title of rebbe in other towns, forming Chabad groups of their own which existed for several decades. Years after his death, his teachings were published by the Chabad movement. He is commonly referred to as the Template:Transliteration, an acronym for Template:Transliteration ('our teacher, Rabbi Shmuel').[30][31]
  • Rabbi Shalom Dovber Schneersohn (1860–1920), Shmuel's second son, succeeded his father as rebbe. Rabbi Shalom Dovber waited some time before officially accepting the title of rebbe, as not to offend his elder brother, Zalman Aaron. He established a yeshiva called Tomchei Temimim. During World War I, he moved to Rostov-on-Don. Many of his writings were published after his death, and are studied regularly in Chabad yeshivas. He is commonly referred to as the Template:Transliteration, an acronym for Template:Transliteration.[32]
  • Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn (1880–1950), the only son of Sholom Dovber, succeeded his father as rebbe of Chabad. Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak was exiled from Russia, following an attempt by the Bolshevik government to have him executed.[33] He led the movement from Warsaw, Poland, until the start of World War II. After fleeing the Nazis, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak lived in Brooklyn, New York until his death. He established much of Chabad's current organizational structure, founding several of its central organizations as well as other Chabad institutions, both local and international. He published a number of his writings, as well as the works of his predecessors. He is commonly referred to as the Template:Transliteration or the Template:Transliteration ('Previous Rebbe').
  • Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson (1902–1994),Template:Efn son-in-law of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak, and a great-grandson of the third Rebbe of Lubavitch, assumed the title of rebbe one year after his father-in-law's death. Rabbi Menachem Mendel greatly expanded Chabad's global network, establishing hundreds of new Chabad centers across the globe. He published many of his own works as well as the works of his predecessors. His teachings are studied regularly by followers of Chabad. He is commonly referred to as "the Lubavitcher Rebbe", or simply "the Rebbe". Even after his death, many continue to revere him as the leader of the Chabad movement.[27]

Influence

Chabad's influence among world Jewry has been far-reaching since World War II. Chabad pioneered the post-World War II Jewish outreach movement, which spread Judaism to many assimilated Jews worldwide, leading to a substantial number of Template:Transliteration ("returnees" to Judaism). The very first Yeshiva/Rabbinical College for such baalei teshuva, Hadar Hatorah, was established by the Lubavitcher rebbe. It is reported that up to a million Jews attend Chabad services at least once a year.[34][35]

According to journalist Steven I. Weiss, Chabad's ideology has dramatically influenced non-Hasidic Jews' outreach practices.[36] Because of its outreach to all Jews, including those Jews who are quite alienated from religious Jewish traditions, Chabad has been described as the one Orthodox group which evokes great affection from large segments of American Jewry.[37]

Philosophy

Chabad philosophy focuses on religious and spiritual concepts such as God, the soul, and the meaning of the Jewish commandments. Classical Judaic writings and Jewish mysticism, especially the Zohar and the Kabbalah of Rabbi Isaac Luria, are frequently cited in Chabad works. These texts are used both as sources of Chabad teachings and as material requiring interpretation by Chabad authors. Many of these teachings discuss what is commonly referred to as bringing "heaven down to earth", i.e. making the Earth a dwelling place for God. Chabad philosophy is rooted in the teachings of Rabbis Yisroel ben Eliezer, (the Baal Shem Tov, founder of Hasidism) and Dovber ben Avraham, the "Maggid of Mezritch" (Rabbi Yisroel's successor).

Rabbi Shneur Zalman's teachings, particularly in the Template:Transliteration, formed the basis of Chabad philosophy, as expanded by succeeding generations. Many Chabad activities today are understood as applications of Shneur Zalman's teachings.Template:Citation needed

Tanya

The Tanya (Sefer Shel Benunim) is a book by the Alter Rebbe first published in 1797. It is the first schematic treatment of Hasidic moral philosophy and its metaphysical foundations.[25]

In Tanya, the intellect is described as three interconnected processes: Chochma (wisdom), Bina (understanding), and Da'at (knowledge). While other branches of Hasidism primarily focused on the idea that "God desires the heart," Shneur Zalman argued that God also desires the mind, and he also argued that the mind is the "gateway" to the heart. With the Chabad philosophy, he elevated the mind above the heart, arguing that "understanding is the mother of fear and love for God".[38]

The Template:Transliteration has five sections. The original name of the first section is Template:Transliteration, the "Book of the Intermediates". It is also known as Template:Transliteration ("Collected Sayings"). Template:Transliteration analyzes the inner struggle of the individual and the path to resolution. Citing the biblical verse "the matter is very near to you, in your mouth, your heart, to do",[39] the philosophy is based on the notion that the human is not inherently evil; rather, every individual has an inner conflict that is characterized by two different inclinations, the good and the bad.[40]

Chabad often contrasted itself with what is termed the Template:Transliteration schools of Hasidism.Template:Efn While all schools of Hasidism put a central focus on the emotions, Template:Transliteration saw emotions as a reaction to physical stimuli, such as dancing, singing, or beauty. Shneur Zalman, on the other hand, taught that the emotions must be led by the mind, and thus the focus of Chabad thought was to be Torah study and prayer rather than esotericism and song.[25] As a Talmudist, Shneur Zalman endeavored to place Kabbalah and Hasidism on a rational basis. In Tanya, he defines his approach as moach shalit al halev ("the brain ruling the heart").[41]

Community

File:Rabbi Schneerson - Lag BaOmer parade.jpg
A Lag BaOmer parade in front of Chabad headquarters at 770 Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, New York, in 1987

An adherent of Chabad is called a Chabad Chasid (or Chasid), a Lubavitcher, a Chabadnik, or a Chabadsker.[42] Chabad's adherents include both Hasidic followers, as well as non-Hasidim, who have joined Chabad synagogues and other Chabad-run institutions.[43]

Although the Chabad movement was founded and originally based in Eastern Europe, various Chabad communities span the globe, including Crown Heights, Brooklyn, and Kfar Chabad, Israel.[44][45] The movement has attracted a significant number of Sephardic adherents in the past several decades,[46] and some Chabad communities include both Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews. For example, in Montreal, close to 25% of Chabad households include a Sephardi parent.[47][48]

According to sociologists studying contemporary Jewry, the Chabad movement fits into neither the standard category of Haredi nor that of modern Orthodox among Orthodox Jews. This is due in part to the existence of the number of Chabad supporters and affiliates who are not Orthodox (dubbed by some scholars as "non-Orthodox Hasidim"), the general lack of official recognition of political and religious distinctions within Judaism, and the open relationship with non-Orthodox Jews represented by the activism of Chabad emissaries.[43][49]

United States

File:Reagan receives menorah 1986.jpg
President Ronald Reagan receives menorah from the "American Friends of Lubavitch", White House, 1984

Estimates for Chabad and other Hasidic groups are often based on extrapolation from the limited information available in US census data for some of the areas where Hasidim live. A 2006 estimate was drawn from a study on the Montreal Chabad community (determining average household size), in conjunction with language and other select indicators from US census data, it is estimated that Chabad in the United States includes approximately 4,000 households, which contains between 22,000 and 25,000 people. In terms of Chabad's relation to other Hasidic groups, within the New York metropolitan area, Chabad in the New York area accounts for around 15% of the total New York Hasidic population. Chabad is estimated to have an annual growth of 3.6%:[50]

  • Crown Heights – The Crown Heights Chabad community's estimated size is 12,000 to 16,000.[51] It was estimated that between 25% and 35% of Chabad Hasidim in Crown Heights speak Yiddish. This figure is significantly lower than other Hasidic groups and may be attributed to the addition of previously non-Hasidic Jews to the community. It was also estimated that over 20% of Chabad Hasidim in Crown Heights speak Hebrew or Russian.[50] The Crown Heights Chabad community has its own Beis Din (rabbinical court) and the Vaad Hakahal (Crown Heights Jewish Community Council (CHJCC)).

Israel

  • Kfar Chabad – Kfar Chabad's population was placed at 6,489 in 2024; all of the residents of the town are believed to be Chabad adherents, with this number being based on figures published by the Israeli Census Bureau.[52] Other estimates place the community population at around 7,000.[51]
  • Tzfat – The Chabad community in Tzfat originated during the wave of Eastern European immigration to Palestine from 1777–1840. The Chabad community established synagogues and institutions in Safad. The early settlement declined by the 20th century but it was renewed following an initiative by the seventh rebbe in the early 1970s, which reestablished the Chabad community in the city.[53] Rabbi Yeshaya HaLevi Horowitz (1883–1978), a Safad-born direct descendant of Rabbi Yeshaya Horowitz, author of the Shnei Luchot HaBrit, served as the rabbi of the Chabad community in Safad from 1908 until his immigration to the U.S. during World War I.[54] Members of the Chabad community run a number of outreach efforts during the Jewish holidays. Activities include blowing the shofar for the elderly on Rosh Hashana, reading the Megilla for hospital patients on Purim and setting up a Sukkah on the town's main street during the Sukkot holiday.[53]
  • Nachlat Har Chabad in Kiryat Malakhi is home to 2800 residents, with institutions including a yeshiva and a girls' school.

France

The Chabad community in France is estimated to be between 10,000 and 15,000. The majority of the Chabad community in France are the descendants of immigrants from North Africa (specifically Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) during the 1960s.[51][55]

Canada

  • Montreal – The estimated size of the Chabad community of Greater Montreal is 1,590. The estimate is taken from a 2003 community study.[56][57] The Chabad community in Montreal originated sometime before 1931. While early works on Canadian Jewry make little or no mention of early Hasidic life in Canada, later researchers have documented Chabad's accounts in Canada starting from the 1900s and 1910s. Steven Lapidus notes that there is mention of two Chabad congregations in a 1915 article in the Canadian Jewish Chronicle listing the delegates of the first Canadian Jewish Conference. One congregation is listed as Chabad of Toronto, and the other is simply listed as "Libavitzer Congregation". The sociologist William Shaffir has noted that some Chabad Hasidim and sympathizers did reside in Montreal before 1941 but does not elaborate further. Steven Lapidus notes that in a 1931 obituary published in Keneder Odler, a Canadian Yiddish newspaper, the deceased Rabbi Menashe Lavut is credited as the founder of Anshei Chabad in Montreal and the Nusach Ari synagogue. Thus the Chabad presence in Montreal predates 1931.[58]

United Arab Emirates

File:Зеленський та рабини.jpg
Meeting of the President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky with the rabbis of Ukraine on May 6, 2019

Customs and holidays

Customs

Chabad adherents follow Chabad traditions and prayer services based on Lurianic Kabbalah.[62] General Chabad customs, called minhagim (or minhagei Chabad), distinguish the movement from other Hasidic groups. Some of the main Chabad customs are minor practices performed on traditional Jewish holidays:

  • Passover – It is customary in Chabad communities, on Passover, to limit contact of matzah (an unleavened bread eaten on Passover) with water. This custom is called gebrokts (Template:Langx, lit. 'broken'). However, on the last day of Passover, it is customary to intentionally have matzah come in contact with water.[63]
  • Chanukah – It is the custom of Chabad Hasidim to place the Chanukah menorah against the room's doorpost (and not on the windowsill).[64][65][66]
  • Prayer – The founder of Chabad wrote a very specific liturgy for the daily and festival prayers based on the teachings of the Kabbalists, primarily the Arizal.
  • The founder of Chabad also instituted various other halachic rulings, including the use of stainless steel knives for the slaughter of animals before human consumption, which are now universally accepted in all sects of Judaism.

Holidays

There are a number of days marked by the Chabad movement as special days. Major holidays include the dates of the release of the leaders of the movement, the rebbes of Chabad, from prison, others corresponded to the leaders' birthdays, anniversaries of death, and other life events.

The days marking the leaders' release, are celebrated by the Chabad movement as "Days of Liberation" (Hebrew: Template:Lang (Template:Lang)). The most noted day is Template:Lang—the liberation of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, the founder of the Chabad movement. The day is also called the "New Year of Hasidism".[64]

The birthdays of several of the movement's leaders are celebrated each year including Template:Lang, the birthday of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, the founder of the Chabad movement,[67][68] and Template:Lang, the birthday of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the seventh rebbe of Chabad.[69]

The anniversaries of death, or Template:Lang, of several of the movement's leaders are celebrated each year, include Template:Lang, the Template:Lang of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, the sixth rebbe of Chabad,[70] Template:Lang, the Template:Lang of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the seventh rebbe of Chabad,[70][71] and Template:Lang, the Template:Lang of Chaya Mushka Schneerson, the wife of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson.[72]

Organizations

Template:Main

Map of Countries with Chabad Shluchim
Map of countries with Chabad Shluchim

Chabad's central organization representing the movement at large, Agudas Chasidei Chabad, is headed by Rabbi Abraham Shemtov. The educational, outreach and social services arms, Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch and Machneh Israel are headed by Rabbi Yehuda Krinsky, as well as the Chabad-Lubavitch publishing house, Kehot Publication Society.

Local Chabad centers and institutions are usually incorporated as separate legal entities.[73]

Institutions

As of 2020 there were over 3,500 Chabad centers in 100 countries.[74][75] The Chabad movement's online directory lists around 1,350 Chabad institutions. This number includes schools and other Chabad-affiliated establishments. The number of Chabad centers vary per country; the majority are in the United States and Israel. There are over 100 countries with a Chabad presence.

In total, according to its directory, Chabad maintains a presence in 950 cities around the world: 178 in Europe, 14 in Africa, 200 in Israel, 400 in North America, 38 in South America, and about 70 in Asia (excluding Israel, including Russia).[76]

By geographic region

Template:Further Chabad presence varies from region to region. The continent with the highest concentration of Chabad centers is North America. The continent with the fewest centers is Africa.[77][78]

File:Vladimir Putin, Berl Lazar, Alexander Boroda (2016-12-28).jpg
Russia's Chief Rabbi Berel Lazar (left) speaks with Russian President Vladimir Putin, 28 December 2016
Geographic location Chabad institutions
North America 2,894
Europe 1,133
Asia 615
South America 208
Oceania 67
Africa 55
Total 4,972

Chabad house

Template:Main A Chabad house is a form of Jewish community center, primarily serving both educational and observance purposes.[79]Template:Failed verification Often, until the community can support its own center, the Chabad house is located in the Template:Lang's home, with the living room being used as the "synagogue". Effort is made to provide an atmosphere in which the nonobservant will not feel intimidated by any perceived contrast between their lack of knowledge of Jewish practice and the advanced knowledge of some of the people they meet there.[80] The term "Chabad House" originated with the creation of the first such outreach center on the campus of UCLA by Rabbi Shlomo Cunin.[81] A key to the Chabad house was given to the Rebbe and he asked if that meant that the new house was his home. He was told yes and he replied, "My hand will be on the door of this house to keep it open twenty-four hours a day for young and old, men and women alike."[82]

Followers of Chabad can be seen attending to tefillin booths at the Western Wall and Ben Gurion International Airport as well as other public places and distributing Shabbat candles on Fridays. Chabad rabbis and their families are sent to various major cities around the globe, to teach college students, build day schools, and create youth camps. Many of these efforts are geared towards secular or less religious Jews. Additionally, unmarried rabbinical students spend weeks during the summer in locations that do not yet have a permanent Chabad presence, making housecalls, putting up mezuzot and teaching about Judaism. This is known as Merkos Shlichus.

Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson also initiated a Jewish children's movement, called Tzivos Hashem (lit. "Army [of] God"), for under bar/bat mitzvah-age children, to inspire them to increase in study of Torah and observance of mitzvot.

Rabbi Schneerson also encouraged the use of modern technology in outreach efforts such as Mitzva tanks, which are mobile homes that travel a city or country.[83] The Chabad website, chabad.org, a pioneer of Jewish religious outreach on the Internet, was started by Rabbi Yosef Y. Kazen and developed by Rabbi D. Zirkind. In 2023, it was reportedly the largest faith-based website, with 52 million unique visitors and 102,129 content pages covering all facets of Judaism.[84]

In June 1994, Rabbi Schneerson died with no successor. Since then, over two thousand couples have taken up communal leadership roles in outreach, bringing the estimated total number of "Shluchim" to over five thousand worldwide.[85][86]

In the 2008 Mumbai attacks, the local Chabad house was targeted.[87][88] The local Chabad emissaries, Rabbi Gavriel Holtzberg and his wife Rivka, and four other Jews were tortured and murdered by Islamic terrorists.[89] Chabad received condolences from around the world.[90][91]

Fundraising

Funds for activities of a Chabad center rely entirely on the local community. Chabad centers do not receive funding from Lubavitch headquarters. For the day-to-day operations, local emissaries do all the fundraising by themselves.

Chabad emissaries often solicit the support of local Jews.[92] Funds are used toward purchasing or renovating Chabad centers, synagogues and Template:Lang.[93]

Activities

The Chabad movement has been involved in numerous activities in contemporary Jewish life. These activities include providing Jewish education to different age groups, outreach to non-affiliated Jews, publishing Jewish literature, and summer camps for children, among other activities.

Education

Chabad runs a number of educational institutions. Most are Jewish day schools; others offer secondary and adult education:

  • The Chabad operates more than 1,000 schools, preschools and other educational institutions around the globe.[84]
  • Day schools – In the United States, there are close to 300 day schools and supplementary schools run by Chabad.[94][95] The report findings of studies on Jewish day schools and supplementary Jewish education in the United States show that the student body currently enrolled in some 295 Chabad schools exceeds 20,750, although this figure includes Chabad Hasidic children as well as non-Chabad children.[95][96]
  • Secondary schools – Chabad runs multiple secondary education institutions, most notable are Tomchei Tmimim for young men, and Bais Rivka for young women.
  • Adult education – Chabad runs adult education programs including those organized by the Rohr Jewish Learning Institute[97][98] and the Jewish Learning Network.

Outreach activities

File:Chabad5.jpg
Chabad chassidic Jews offer help with laying tefilin on the street

Many of the movement's activities emphasize outreach activities. This is due to Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson encouraging his followers to reach out to other Jews.[99] Chabad outreach includes activities promoting the practice of Jewish commandments (Mitzvah campaigns), as well as other forms of Jewish outreach. Much of Chabad's outreach is performed by Chabad emissaries (see Shaliach (Chabad)). Most of the communities that Chabad emissaries reach out to are other Jewish communities, such as Reform Jews.[100]

Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn, 6th leader of the Chabad-Lubavitch branch of Hasidic Judaism, and then his successor, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson were responsible for focusing Chabad's activities on outreach. Rabbi Schneerson was a pioneer in the field of Orthodox Judaism outreach (Kiruv).

Each sent out large numbers of rabbinic emissaries, known as "Shluchim", to settle in places across the world for outreach purposes. The centers that these Shluchim established were termed "Chabad houses".

Chabad has been active in reaching out to Jews through its synagogues, and various forms of more direct outreach efforts. The organization has been recognized as one of the leaders in using free holiday services to reach out across denominations.[101]

Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn, had a core of dedicated Hasidim who maintained underground yeshivos and mikvehs, and provided shechitah and ritual circumcision services in the Soviet Union.

Mitzvah campaigns

Template:Main The Rebbes of Chabad have issued the call to all Jews to attract non-observant Jews to adopt Orthodox Jewish observance, teaching that this activity is part of the process of bringing the Messiah. Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson issued a call to every Jew: "Even if you are not fully committed to a Torah life, do something. Begin with a mitzvah—any mitzvah—its value will not be diminished by the fact that there are others that you are not prepared to do".[102]

Schneerson also suggested ten specific Template:Lang that he believed were ideally suited for the emissaries to introduce to non-observant Jews. These were called Template:Lang—meaning "campaigns" or "endeavors". These were lighting candles before Shabbat and the Jewish holidays by Jewish women, putting on Template:Lang, affixing a Template:Lang, regular Torah study, giving Template:Lang, purchasing Jewish books, observing Template:Lang (kosher), kindness to others, Jewish religious education, and observing the family purity laws.Template:Citation needed

In addition, Schneerson emphasized spreading awareness of preparing for and the coming of the Template:Lang, consistent with his philosophy. He wrote on the responsibility to reach out to teach every fellow Jew with love, and implored that all Jews believe in the imminent coming of the Template:Lang as explained by Maimonides. He argued that redemption was predicated on Jews doing good deeds, and that gentiles should be educated about the Noahide Laws.

Schneerson was emphatic about the need to encourage and provide strong education for every child, Jew and non-Jew alike. In honor of Schneerson's efforts in education the United States Congress has made Education and Sharing Day on the Rebbe's Hebrew birthday (11 Nissan).

Template:Lang (Emissaries)

In 1950, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson urged Chabad to begin Template:Lang ("serving as an emissary [performing outreach]"). Since then, Chabad Template:Lang ("emissaries", sing. Template:Lang) have moved all over the world to encourage non-observant Jews to adopt Jewish observance. They assist Jews with all their religious needs, as well as with physical assistance and spiritual guidance and teaching. The stated goal is to encourage Jews to learn more about their Jewish heritage and to practice Judaism.[103]

Thousands of rabbis, educators, ritual slaughterers, and ritual circumcisers have been trained and ordained to serve as Template:Lang. Typically, a young Lubavitch rabbi and his wife, in their early twenties, with one or two children, will move to a new location, and as they settle in will raise a large family who, as a family unit, will aim to fulfill their mandate of bringing Jewish people closer to Orthodox Judaism and encouraging gentiles to adhere to the Seven Laws of Noah.[103]

Template:Lang operate Chabad Houses, Jewish day schools, and Jewish summer camps. As of 2021, there are over 6,500 Chabad shluchim families worldwide, operating over 3,500 institutions in over 110 countries.[104][105] Chabad runs the largest network of synagogues of any Jewish movement as of 2023.[106]

Mitzvah tank

Template:Main

File:Mitzvah tank - Golders Green - 2008.jpg
Chabad Lubavitch Mitzvah tank in Golders Green, London

A mitzvah tank is a vehicle which is used as a portable "educational and outreach center" and a "mini-synagogue" (or a "minagogue") by Chabad members who are involved in outreach. Mitzvah tanks are commonly used for advancing the mitzvah campaigns. Mitzvah tanks have been commonplace on the streets of New York City since 1974.[107] Today, they are used all over the globe in countries where Chabad is active.

Campus outreach

Template:Main In recent years, Chabad has greatly expanded its outreach on university and college campuses. The Chabad on Campus is active on dozens of campuses outside of the United States, some of which include Canada, Israel, UK, Austria, Germany, France, Holland, Hungary, Italy, Russia, Argentina, China and Australia.[84] Chabad Student Centers are active on over 950 campuses.[108]Template:Failed verification Professor Alan Dershowitz has said "Chabad's presence on college campuses today is absolutely crucial," and "we cannot rest until Chabad is on every major college campus in the world."[109]

CTeen

The Chabad Teen Network (CTeen) is an international organization dedicated to educating Jewish youth about their heritage. It is the teen-focused arm of the Chabad movement operated by Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch. There are over 100,000 members worldwide[110] with 630 chapters across 44 countries.[111] CTeen is open to all Jewish teens, regardless of affiliation, and has been called "the fastest growing and most diverse Jewish youth organization in the world."[112]

The organization was launched in 2010,[113] and operates worldwide in cities such as Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Leeds, Munich, Buenos Aires and New York.[114] Its director is Rabbi Shimon Rivkin, and Rabbi Moshe Kotlarsky serves as chairman.[115] Individual chapters and programs are managed by local directors.

File:Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch - 302 (2).jpg
Picture of room '302'

CTeen runs a number of ongoing and annual programs, some of which include:

  • CTeen International Shabbaton, an annual inspirational weekend that brings together thousands of teens from around the world. The program includes a traditional Shabbat experience in the heart of Hasidic Crown Heights, a Torah completion ceremony in Times Square, and the CTeen Choice Awards at Brooklyn's Pier 12. The weekend includes a Saturday night concert in Times Square with guest performances by singers such as Gad Elbaz, Yakov Shwekey and American Hasidic rapper Nissim Black.[112][116]
  • CTeen XTREME, a summer travel camp where campers challenge themselves both physically and spiritually by partaking in extreme sports, observing a completely tech-free Shabbat, and keeping kosher on the road.[117]
  • CTeen U, a college-accredited program where teens learn about Jewish philosophy, ethics and history. The program was launched in 2019 through a partnership with Yeshiva University.[118]
  • Heritage Quest, educational travel programs that aim to deepen the connection of Jewish teens to their heritage through trips to Poland and Israel, offering teens the chance to explore their roots at the source.[119][120]
  • Kosher Food Club, a co-curricular high school club operating in over fifty high schools throughout the United States that serves as a humanitarian initiative to promote healthy lifestyles, feed the homeless, and provide educational and hands-on experiences making traditional Jewish foods.[121][122]
  • National Campus Office, coordinator of Chabad on Campus, a network of Jewish Student Centers on more than 230 university campuses worldwide (as of April 2016), as well as regional Chabad-Lubavitch centers at an additional 150 universities worldwide[123]
  • Suicide Alert, workshops that equip teens to assist peers dealing with anxiety and depression resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. The workshops have been organized by CTeen chapters in Florida, New Hampshire and New Jersey, among others, in partnership with the Gelt Charitable Foundation.[124][125]

Publishing

Template:Main Chabad publishes and distributes Jewish religious literature. Under Kehot Publication Society, Chabad's main publishing house, Jewish literature has been translated into 12 different languages. Kehot regularly provides books at discounted prices, and hosts book-a-thons. Kehot commonly distributes books written or transcribed from the rebbes of Chabad, prominent chassidim and other authors who have written Jewish materials.Template:Citation needed Kehot is a division of Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch, the movement's educational arm.[126]

More than any other Jewish movement, Chabad has used media as part of its religious, social, and political experience. Their latest leader, Menachem Mendel Schneerson, was the most video-documented Jewish leader in history.[127]Template:Page needed The Chabad movement publishes a wealth of Jewish material on the internet. Chabad's main website Chabad.org, is one of the first Jewish websites[128] and the first and largest virtual congregation.[129][130] It serves not just its own members, but Jewish people worldwide in general.[131] Other popular Chabad community websites include asktherav.com, anash.org, CrownHeights.info, and the Hebrew site, COL.org.il.[132][133]

Summer camps

Template:Main Chabad has set up an extensive network of camps around the world, most using the name Gan Israel, a name chosen by Schneerson although the first overnight camp was the girls division called Camp Emunah. There are 1,200 sites serving 210,000 children, most of whom do not come from Orthodox homes. Of these, 500 camps are in the United States.[134][135]

Political activities

Rabbi Schneerson involved himself in matters relating to the resolution of the Israeli-Arab conflict.[136] He maintained that as a matter of Jewish law,[137] any territorial concession on Israel's part would endanger the lives of all Jews in the Land of Israel and is therefore forbidden. He also insisted that even discussing the possibility of such concessions showed weakness, would encourage Arab attacks, and therefore endanger Jewish lives.[138]

In US domestic politics, Schneerson supported government involvement in education and welcomed the establishment of the United States Department of Education in 1980 yet insisted that part of a school's educational mission was to incorporate the values espoused in the Seven Laws of Noah. He called for the introduction of a moment of silence at the beginning of the school day, and for students to be encouraged to use this time for such improving thoughts or prayers as their parents might suggest.[139]

In 1981, Schneerson publicly called for the use of solar energy. Schneerson believed that the US could achieve energy independence by developing solar energy technologies. He argued that the dependence on foreign oil may lead to the country compromising on its principles.[140][141]

Library dispute with Russia

In 2013, US federal judge Royce Lamberth ruled in favor of Chabad lawyers who sought contempt sanctions on three Russian organizations to return the Schneersohn Library, 12,000 books belonging to Rabbi Yosef Schneersohn seized and nationalized by the Bolsheviks in 1917–18, to the Brooklyn Chabad Library.[23][142] Chabad Rabbi Berel Lazar, Russia's Chief Rabbi, reluctantly accepted Putin's request in moving the Schneerson Library to Moscow's Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center as a form of compromise, which was criticized by the Chabad Library.[23]

In the arts

Art

Chabad Hasidic artists Hendel Lieberman and Zalman Kleinman have painted a number of scenes depicting Chabad Chasidic life, including ceremonies, study and prayer. Chabad artist Michoel Muchnik has painted scenes of the Mitzvah Campaigns.[127] Artist and shaliach Yitzchok Moully has adapted silkscreen techniques, bright colours and Jewish and Chasidic images to create a form of "Chasidic Pop Art".[143]

Music

Vocalists Avraham Fried and Benny Friedman have included recordings of traditional Chabad songs on their albums of contemporary Orthodox Jewish music. Bluegrass artist Andy Statman has also recorded Chabad niggunim. Reggae artist Matisyahu included portions of Chabad niggunim and lyrics with Chabad philosophical themes in some of his songs. In 2022, an Israeli theatrical company produced a Chabad-themed musical HaChabadnikim which follows two young men from Kfar Chabad who go to live in Tel Aviv. The musical runs for 140 minutes.[144]

Literature

In the late 1930s, Dr Fishl Schneersohn, a psychiatrist, pedagogical theorist, and descendant of the founder of Chabad authored a Yiddish novel titled Chaim Gravitzer: The Tale of the Downfallen One from the World of Chabad. The novel explores the spiritual struggle of a Chabad Hasid who doubts his faith and finally finds peace in doing charitable work.[145] Chabad poet Zvi Yair authored poems on Chabad philosophical topics including Template:Lang (spiritual yearning). Novelist Chaim Potok authored a work My Name is Asher Lev in which a Chasidic teen struggles between his artistic passions and the norms of the community. The "Ladover" community is a thinly veiled reference to the Lubavitcher community in Crown Heights.[146][147]

The American Jewish writer and publisher, Clifford Meth, wrote a short science fiction story depicting the future followers of the "70th Rebbe" of Chabad and their outreach efforts on an alien planet called Tau Ceti IV. The story is told through the eyes of a young extraterrestrial yeshiva student.[148][149]

Film and television

The Chabad-Lubavitch community has been the subject of a number of documentary films. These films include:

Other television

  • Religious America: Lubavitch – a 28-minute, 1974 PBS documentary series episode focusing on a day in the life of a Lubavitcher man.[150]
  • Outback Rabbis – (2018) 50 min television segment by Australian TV network, SBS, covering the regional and rural Australia (RARA) program of Chabad. Directed by Danny Ben-Moshe. Featured on the SBS "Untold Australia" series.

References

  1. ↑ "About Chabad-Lubavitch" Chabad.org.
  2. ↑ Pew Research Center, "Jewish Americans in 2020", pewforum.org.
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Barry
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named jta1808
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named haaretz1920
  6. ↑ chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/272209/jewish/Rabbi-Sholom-DovBer-Schneersohn.htm |publisher=Chabad |title=Sholom DovBer Schneersohn (1860–1920). January 13, 2015.
  7. ↑ Altein, R, Zaklikofsky, E, Jacobson, I: Out of the Inferno: The Efforts That Led to the Rescue of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn of Lubavitch from War Torn Europe in 1939–40, p. 270. Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch, 2002.
  8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named beck
  9. ↑ [ |author=Jonathan D. Sarna |url=commentarymagazine.com/articles/symposium-part-5/ |title=The Jewish Future: What will be the condition of the Jewish community 50 years from now? |work=Commentary Magazine|publisher=Commentary|date=October 14, 2015}}
  10. ↑ Jew cleared in beard-cutting case, Philadelphia Daily News, May 25, 1984
  11. ↑ [|url=nytimes.com/1983/06/22/nyregion/attack-on-rabbi-brings-anguish-to-borough-park.html|title=ATTACK ON RABBI BRINGS ANGUISH TO BOROUGH PARK|first=Ari L.|last=Goldman|date=22 June 1983|newspaper=The New York Times}}
  12. ↑ Letters to the Editor, Time, August 1, 1983
  13. ↑ [ |url=books.google.com/books?id=3btYAwAAQBAJ&q=chabad+imprisoned+Russia&pg=PA554 |title=Encyclopaedia Judaica: Blu-Cof |editor1-first=Fred |editor1-last=Skolnik |editor2-first=Michael |editor2-last=Berenbaum |publisher=Granite Hill Publishers |year=2007 }}Template:Dead link
  14. ↑ [ |title=The Visual Culture of Chabad |author=Maya Balakirsky Katz |url=books.google.com/books?id=OeIuE1tE36QC&q=chabad+imprisoned+Russia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=October 11, 2010 |page=40|isbn=9780521191630}}
  15. ↑ [ |url=chabadmequon.org/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/700831/jewish/Mrs-Sima-Itkin-obm.htm |title=Mrs. Sima Itkin OBM |publisher=The Joseph and Rebecca Peltz Center for Jewish Life}}
  16. ↑ [ |title=The Former Soviet Union |url=chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/244380/jewish/Former-Soviet-Union.htm |publisher=Chabad.org |quote=The communists persecuted, chased and harassed the Rebbe and his operatives.Template:Nbsp[...] Through the years of communism, hundreds of Chassidic activists were executed. Thousands more were arrested and sent to Siberia for years of hard labor.}}
  17. ↑ [|url=azjewishpost.com/2012/chabadniks-proud-of-criminal-past/|title=Chabadniks proud of 'criminal' past|date=November 30, 2012|author=Rabbi Yehuda Ceitlin}}
  18. ↑ Estraikh, G. (2018). Escape through Poland: Soviet Jewish Emigration in the 1950s. Jewish History, 31(3-4), 291-317.
  19. ↑ Levin, Z. (2015). 1 "The Wastelands": The Jews of Central Asia. In Collectivization and Social Engineering: Soviet Administration and the Jews of Uzbekistan, 1917–1939 (pp. 7–26). Brill.
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  21. ↑ Gitelman, Z. (2007). Do Jewish Schools Make a Difference in the Former Soviet Union?. East European Jewish Affairs, 37(3), 377–398.
  22. ↑ [|url=jta.org/2017/04/10/news-opinion/united-states/politico-says-chabad-is-trumps-jewish-movement-not-so-fast|title=Politico says Chabad is Trump's partner in – something. Not so fast|author=Ben Sales|publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|date=10 April 2017|access-date=4 June 2017}}
  23. ↑ Jump up to: 23.0 23.1 23.2 [|url=forward.com/news/breaking-news/309514/russian-chief-rabbi-berel-lazar-stands-by-vladimir-putin/|title=Why Russian Chief Rabbi stands by Vladimir Putin|author=Cnaan Lipshiz|publisher=The Forward|date=5 June 2015|access-date=June 4, 2017}}
  24. ↑ [ |last=Mindel |first=Nissan |title=The Philosophy of Chabad |volume=2 |chapter=Intro |location=Brooklyn |publisher=Kehot Publication Society |year=1985 |isbn=978-0826604170}}
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  29. ↑ Chanoch Glitzenshtein, Sefer Hatoldos Tzemach Tzedek
  30. ↑ Hayom Yom, p. A14
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  35. ↑ [|url=winnipegfreepress.com/subscriber/faith/story/4017869p-4630456c.html |title=Chabad Lubavitch centre set for River Heights area |archive-url=web.archive.org/web/20070927194259/winnipegfreepress.com/subscriber/faith/story/4017869p-4630456c.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 |date=5 August 2007 |author=Sharon Chisvin |newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press |url-status=dead}}
  36. ↑ [ |last=Weiss |first=Steven I |url=forward.com/articles/1518/orthodox-rethinking-campus-outreach/? |title=Orthodox Rethinking Campus Outreach |work=The Jewish Daily Forward |date=January 20, 2006 |access-date=January 13, 2015}}
  37. ↑ Jewish Literacy, Telushkin, William Morrow 2001, p. 471
  38. ↑ Tanya, Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, Chapter 13.
  39. ↑ Template:Bibleverse
  40. ↑ The Encyclopedia of Hasidism, "Tanya", Jonathan Sacks, pp. 475–477 (15682–11236)
  41. ↑ Tanya, ch. 12
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  45. ↑ [ |last1=JTA |title=In all-Chabad Israeli village, Brooklyn meets country living |url=timesofisrael.com/in-all-chabad-israeli-village-brooklyn-meets-country-living/ |access-date=5 October 2020 |work=The Times of Israel |date=11 February 2016}}
  46. ↑ [ |last=Shokeid |first=Moshe |title=Children of Circumstances: Israeli Emigrants in New York |location=Ithaca |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1988 |series=Anthropology of Contemporary Issues |pages=[archive.org/details/childrenofcircum0000shok/page/139 139–160] |isbn=978-0801420788 |url=archive.org/details/childrenofcircum0000shok/page/139}}
  47. ↑ [ |publisher=The Chabad Sociologist |date=July 9, 2013 |title=Did You Know 25% of Chabad in Montreal are Sefardi? |url=chabadsociologist.wordpress.com/2013/07/09/did-you-know-25-of-chabad-in-montreal-are-sefardi/}}
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  52. ↑ [ |title=Regional Statistics |url=cbs.gov.il/he/publications/LochutTlushim/2020/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%942020.xlsx |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics}}
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  54. ↑ [kedem-auctions.com/content/sefer-hazohar-%E2%80%93-including-glosses-rabbi-yeshaya-horowitz-safed-and-his-son-rabbi-shmuel "Sefer HaZohar – Including Glosses by Rabbi Yeshaya Horowitz of Safad and His Son Rabbi Shmuel Horowitz Author of 'Yemei Shmuel.'" Judaica Auction no. 27- Books and Manuscripts] [web.archive.org/web/20161006013938/kedem-auctions.com/content/sefer-hazohar-%E2%80%93-including-glosses-rabbi-yeshaya-horowitz-safed-and-his-son-rabbi-shmuel |date=October 6, 2016}}. Kedem Auction House. Retrieved September 14, 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2016
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  56. ↑ [ |title=Chabad of Montreal: Here's the stats!!! |publisher=The Chabad Sociologist |date=October 13, 2013 |url=chabadsociologist.wordpress.com/2013/10/13/chabad-of-montreal-heres-the-stats-chabad-montreal-chabadsociology/ |access-date=January 13, 2015}}
  57. ↑ Shahar, Charles. "Main Report: A Comprehensive Study of the Ultra Orthodox Community of Greater Montreal (2003)". Federation CJA (Montreal). (2003): pp. 7–33.
  58. ↑ [ |last=Lapidus |first=Steven |title=The Forgotten Hasidim: Rabbis and Rebbes in Prewar Canada |journal=Canadian Jewish Studies |year=2004 |volume=12 |url=pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/cjs/article/viewFile/22624/21095 |access-date=January 13, 2014}}
  59. ↑ [|date=2020-06-11|title=A robust Jewish life exists in the U.A.E.|url=ynetnews.com/article/HkuTEWg6I|access-date=2020-06-18|website=ynetnews|language=en|last1=Salami|first1=Daniel}}
  60. ↑ [|title=Baltimore Jewish Life | A New Talmud Torah Opens in Dubai|url=baltimorejewishlife.com:443/news/news-detail.php?SECTION_ID=3&ARTICLE_ID=131802|access-date=2020-06-18|website=baltimorejewishlife.com}}
  61. ↑ [|title=Kiddush, Torah learning, and gefilte fish in Dubai – Jewish World|date=11 June 2020 |url=israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/281713|access-date=2020-06-18|publisher=Arutz Sheva|language=en}}
  62. ↑ [ |author=Nissan Mindel |url=chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/111878/jewish/Rabbi-Isaac-Luria-The-Ari-Hakodosh.htm |title=Rabbi Isaac Luria – The Ari Hakodosh |publisher=Chabad |access-date=January 13, 2015}}
  63. ↑ [ |url=chabad.org/holidays/passover/pesach_cdo/aid/265990/jewish/Gebrokts-Wetted-Matzah.htm |title=Gebrokts: Wetted Matzah |publisher=Chabad |access-date=January 13, 2015}}
  64. ↑ Jump up to: 64.0 64.1 [|url=chabad.org/calendar/candlelighting_cdo/aid/6226/jewish/Shabbat-Candle-Lighting-Times.htm|title=Shabbat Candle-Lighting Times|website=chabad.org}}
  65. ↑ Schneersohn, Shalom Dovber. Tanu Rabbanan: Ner Chanukah Sichos In English, N.Y., 1990.
  66. ↑ [ |date=November 24, 2013 |url=crownheights.info/something-jewish/412805/laws-and-customs-chanukah/ |title=Laws and Customs: Chanukah |publisher=CrownHeights.info |access-date=January 13, 2015}}
  67. ↑ [ |date=September 6, 2012 |url=shmais.com/chabad-news/latest/item/chabad-elul-customs |last=Dalfin |first=Chaim |title=Chabad Elul Customs |publisher=Shmais.com |access-date=January 13, 2015}}
  68. ↑ [ |author=Menachem Mendel Schneerson |url=chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/155859/jewish/Chai-Elul.htm |title=Chai Elul: Breathing New Life Into Our Divine Service |publisher=Chabad |access-date=January 13, 2015}}
  69. ↑ "Dade Jews throw birthday party for New York Rabbi", David Hancock, The Miami Herald, April 14, 1992
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  71. ↑ [ |url=chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/528345/jewish/A-Brief-Biography.htm |title=A Brief Biography |publisher=Chabad |access-date=January 13, 2015}}
  72. ↑ [|url=chabadinfo.com/index.php/jq/css/ui-lightness/jq/js/?url=newsnew_en&string=tag_Chof%20Beis%20Shvat|archive-url=web.archive.org/web/20131216191431/chabadinfo.com/index.php/jq/css/ui-lightness/jq/js/?url=newsnew_en&string=tag_Chof%20Beis%20Shvat|url-status=dead|title=Chof Beis Shvat. Chabad.info.|archive-date=December 16, 2013}}
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  76. ↑ [ |url=chabad.org/centers/default_cdo/jewish/Centers.htm |title=Chabad-Lubavitch Directory |publisher=Chabad |access-date=January 13, 2015}}
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  85. ↑ [|url=kinus.com/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/4051934|title=Banquet/Partner |publisher= Kinus Hashluchim|access-date=2019-12-05}}
  86. ↑ [|url=chabad.org/multimedia/video_cdo/aid/4560827/jewish/Shluchim-Roll-Call.htm|title=Shluchim Roll Call - International Conference of Chabad Emissaries (2019)|website=Chabad.org|language=en|access-date=2019-12-05}}
  87. ↑ [ |author=Ralph Blumenthal |date=November 29, 2008 |url=nytimes.com/2008/11/29/nyregion/29chabad.html |title=Jewish Center Is Stormed, and 6 Hostages Die |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A13 |access-date=January 13, 2015}}
  88. ↑ [ |author=Joshua Runyan |date=November 30, 2008 |url=chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/775065/jewish/Funeral-Preparations-Under-Way.htm |title=Funeral Preparations for Chabad House Victims Under Way |publisher=Chabad |access-date=2010-05-12}}
  89. ↑ [ |url=telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3539171/Mumbai-attacks-Jews-tortured-before-executed-during-hostage-crisis.html |archive-url=ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3539171/Mumbai-attacks-Jews-tortured-before-executed-during-hostage-crisis.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Mumbai attacks: Jews tortured before being executed during hostage crisis |author=Damien McElroy |date=December 1, 2008 |access-date=February 8, 2017}}Template:Cbignore
  90. ↑ [ |url=jta.org/news/article/2008/12/04/1001351/obama-sends-condolences-to-chabad |title=Obama sends condolences to Chabad |publisher=Jewish Telegraph Agency (JTA) |date=December 4, 2008 |access-date=January 13, 2015}}
  91. ↑ [|title=Israeli Chabad couple to be expelled from India 'for spying' | The Times of Israel|url=timesofisrael.com/israeli-chabad-couple-to-be-expelled-from-india-as-mossad-agents/amp/|access-date=2021-06-10|website=The Times of Israel}}
  92. ↑ [ |author=Mark Avrum Ehrlich |title=The Messiah of Brooklyn: Understanding Lubavitch Hasidim Past and Present |location=Jersey City, N.J. |publisher=KTAV |year=2004 |page=134 |isbn=978-0881258363}}
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  94. ↑ [ |publisher=The Chabad Sociologist |date=August 6, 2013 |title=Comparing Full Time and Part Time Numbers at Chabad Schools |url=chabadsociologist.wordpress.com/2013/08/06/comparing-full-time-and-part-time-numbers-at-chabad-schools/ |access-date=January 13, 2015}}
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  96. ↑ [ |last=Wertheimer |first=Jack |title=A Census of Jewish Supplementary Schools in the United States: 2006–2007 |publisher=Avi Chai Foundation |date=August 2008 |url=avichai.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Supplementary-School-Census-Report-Final.pdf |access-date=January 13, 2015}}
  97. ↑ [|last1=Wertheimer|first1=Jack|title=Why the Lubavitch Movement Thrives in the Absence of a Living Rebbe|url=ou.org/jewish_action/06/2014/lubavitch-movement-thrives-absence-living-rebbe/|access-date=30 September 2014|work=JA Mag in Jewish World|agency=Orthodox Union|date=June 16, 2014|quote=Among the latter is the Jewish Learning Institute, the largest educational program for Jewish adults in the world (with the possible exception of the Daf Yomi enterprise), which currently enrolls over 66,000 teens and adults at some 850 sites around the world, each following a prescribed course of study according to a set timetable.}}
  98. ↑ [ |editor-last=Dashefsky |editor-first=Arnold |editor-last2=Sheskin |editor-first2=Ira |title=American Jewish Year Book |volume=113 |date=2014 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-319-01657-3 |pages=447–597 |edition=Volume 113 |chapter=National Jewish Organizations |quote=... is currently the largest provider of adult Jewish learning. JLI's mission is to inspire Jewish learning worldwide and to transform Jewish life and the greater community through Torah study. Its goal is to create a global network of informed students connected by bonds of shared Jewish experience. JLI's holistic approach to Jewish study considers the impact of Jewish values on personal and interpersonal growth. (The authors of the book are Professor Ira Sheskin of Department of Geography and Regional Studies, The Jewish Demography Project, The Sue and Leonard Miller Center for Contemporary Judaic Studies, University of Miami, and Professor Arnold Dashefsky, Department of Sociology, The Center for Judaic Studies and Contemporary Jewish Life, University of Connecticut.)|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-01658-0_10|s2cid=154745222 }}
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  106. ↑ [ |last1=Yellin |first1=Deena |title=Dinner for 6,500: NJ to host record gathering for growing Chabad Jewish movement |url=northjersey.com/story/news/2022/11/18/chabad-conference-2022-ends-with-record-setting-gala-in-edison-nj/69652054007/ |access-date=10 March 2023 |publisher=NorthJersey.com |date=2022-11-18}}
  107. ↑ [|url=chabad.org/therebbe/timeline_cdo/aid/62178/jewish/1974-The-Mitzvah-Tank.htm |title=1974: The Mitzvah Tank on |publisher=Chabad |access-date=2011-04-13}}
  108. ↑ [ |url=chabad.edu |title=Directory of Chabad on Campus |publisher=Chabad |access-date=2010-05-12}}
  109. ↑ [ |url=oxfordchabad.org/templates/articlecco_cdo/AID/331005 |title=Address by Professor Alan Dershowitz |publisher=Oxford Chabad Society |date=2005-11-27 |access-date=January 13, 2015}}
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  117. ↑ [|url=nj.com/hunterdon-county-democrat/2015/02/chabad_of_hunterdon_teen_group_makes_impact_in_com.html|title=Chabad of Hunterdon CTeen group makes impact in community|newspaper=Nj|date=26 February 2015}}
  118. ↑ [|first=|title=Chabad and Yeshiva University Offer Torah Class for High Schoolers|date=14 October 2020|url=jewishjournal.com/community/322869/chabad-and-yeshiva-university-offer-torah-class-for-high-schoolers/|url-status=live|access-date=|newspaper=Jewish Journal|archive-url=web.archive.org/web/20201014165912/jewishjournal.com/community/322869/chabad-and-yeshiva-university-offer-torah-class-for-high-schoolers/ |archive-date=2020-10-14 }}
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  120. ↑ [|url=lubavitch.com/leading-voices/|title = Meet Hallandale's New CTeen Directors|date = 17 October 2019}}
  121. ↑ [|url=cteen.com/highschoolclub|title=CTeen | Leadership|website=CTeen}}
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  143. ↑ 'Under the Black Hat' Pop Art in Jerusalem Focuses on Chassidim – Rabbi Yitzchok Moully brings spiritual and emotional depth to a new exhibit. chabad.org.
  144. ↑ "HaChabadnikim." cameri.co.il. Accessed 12 Nov. 2023.
  145. ↑ Chaim Gravitzer (The Tale of the Downfallen One): From the World of Chabad. ingeveb.org.
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  165. ↑ [ |url=cjnews.com/index.php?q=node/116289 |last=Arnold |first=Janice |title=Film presents chassidic women's attitudes to intimacy |work=The Canadian Jewish News |date=October 20, 2013 |access-date=January 13, 2015}}
  166. ↑ [|url=newvoices.org/2012/12/05/zany-heartfelt-kathmandu-evokes-the-soul-of-jewish-culture-in-nepal/|title=Zany, Heartfelt 'Kathmandu' Evokes the Soul of Jewish Culture in Nepal|date=December 5, 2012}}
  167. ↑ [ |url=prospectheights.patch.com/groups/arts-and-entertainment/p/crown-heights-google-glass-doc-premieres-next-month |last=Hampton |first=Matthew |title=Crown Heights 'Google Glass' Doc Premieres Next Month |work=Prospect Heights Patch |date=November 26, 2013 |access-date=January 13, 2015}}
  168. ↑ [ |url=psfk.com/2013/10/google-glass-documentary-crown-heights.html/ |archive-url=archive.today/20131219031938/psfk.com/2013/10/google-glass-documentary-crown-heights.html/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 19, 2013 |last=Piras |first=Lara |title=Google Glass Filmed Documentary Goes Where Normal Camera Crews Can't. |publisher=psfk.com |date=October 9, 2013 |access-date=January 13, 2015 }}
  169. ↑ [ |url=gothamist.com/2013/10/07/crown_heights_documentary_shot_on_g.php |last=Evans |first=Lauren |title=Intrepid 20-Somethings Examine Crown Heights Through Google Glass |publisher=Gothamist |date=October 7, 2013 |access-date=January 13, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=web.archive.org/web/20141225022808/gothamist.com/2013/10/07/crown_heights_documentary_shot_on_g.php |archive-date=December 25, 2014}}
  170. ↑ [ |url=dnainfo.com/new-york/20131007/crown-heights/crown-heights-documentary-shot-completely-with-google-glass |last=Sharp |first=Sonja |title=Crown Heights Documentary Claims to be First Ever Shot With Google Glass |publisher=DNAInfo |date=October 7, 2013 |access-date=January 13, 2015 |url-status=dead [web.archive.org/web/20141104174025/dnainfo.com/new-york/20131007/crown-heights/crown-heights-documentary-shot-completely-with-google-glass. Archived November 4, 2014].
  171. ↑ [|url=jfi.org/watch-online/jfi-on-demand/rabbi-goes-west-the|title=Rabbi Goes West, The|website=jfi.org}}
  172. ↑ [jewishjournal.com/cover_story/372432/guns-and-moses-the-heroic-hasid/ "Guns and Moses: The Heroic Hasid"]. Jewish Journal. Accessed 22 June 2024.
  173. ↑ [variety.com/2022/film/actors/mark-feuerstein-neal-mcdonough-among-leads-announced-for-man-in-the-long-black-coat-upcoming-western-exclusive-1235461546/ Mark Feuerstein, Neal McDonough, Dermot Mulroney, Christopher Lloyd Starring in ‘Man in the Long Black Coat’ (EXCLUSIVE)]. Variety. Accessed 22 June 2024.

Further reading

Chassidus:

  • Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson. On the Essence of Chasidus: A Chasidic Discourse by Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson of Chabad-Lubavitch. Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch, 2003.
  • Mindel, Nissan. The Philosophy of Chabad (Vol. 1-2). Chabad Research Center, 1973.

On the Life and Teachings of the Rebbe:

  • Jacobson, Simon. Toward a Meaningful Life: The Wisdom of the Rebbe, William Morrow, 2002.
  • Miller, Chaim. Turning Judaism Outward: A Biography of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson the Seventh Lubavitcher Rebbe. Kol Menachem, 2014.
  • Oberlander, Boruch and Elkanah Shmotkin. Early Years: The Formative Years of the Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson, as Told by Documents and Archival Data, Kehot Publication Society. 2016.
  • Steinzaltz, Adin Even Israel. My Rebbe. Koren Publishers, 2014.
  • Telushkin, Joseph. Rebbe: The Life and Teachings of Menachem M. Shneerson, the Most Influential Rabbi in Modern History. Harperwave, 2014.

Chabad history and community

  • Rodkinson, M. L. Toldot Amudei HaChabad, Konigsberg, 1876.
  • Heilman, C. M. Beit Rebbe, Berdichev, 1902.
  • Challenge: An Encounter with Lubavitch-Chabad, Lubavitch Foundation of Great Britain, 1973.
  • Harris, Lis. Holy Days: The World Of The Hasidic Family, Summit Books, 1985.
  • Hoffman, Edward. Despite All Odds: The Story of Lubavitch. Simon & Schuster, 1991.
  • Morris, Bonnie J. Lubavitcher Women in America: Identity and Activism in the Postwar Era, SUNY Press, 1998.
  • Feldman, Jan L. Lubavitchers as Citizens: A Paradox of Liberal Democracy, Cornell University Press, 2003.
  • Fishkoff, Sue. The Rebbe's Army: Inside the World of Chabad-Lubavitch, Schocken, 2003.
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