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==Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson==
[[File:לערך הרבי שליט"א.png|250px|thumb|right|the Rebbe Shlita]]
Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson (in [[Yiddish]]: Schneersohn; known as the Lubavitcher Rebbe MH"M Shlita and in Chabad simply as the Rebbe) was born on 11 [[Nissan]] [[5662]] (1902<ref>The Rebbe's birthday became known to the chassidim for the first time during his visit to Paris, when on 11 Nissan his mother Rebbetzin Chana approached a group of chassidim, among them Rabbi Bentzion Shem Tov, and suggested that they ask the Rebbe to hold a farbrengen in honor of his birthday - and indeed the Rebbe agreed and held a farbrengen (Yemei Melech part 3, p. 997)</ref>). He is a spiritual leader whose influence encompassed the entire world and particularly the [[Jew|Jewish]] people. Among his notable activities were the establishment of the [[Shlichus]] (emissary) enterprise and the [[The Ten Mitzvah Campaigns|Ten Mitzvah Campaigns]] he initiated, aiming to bring Judaism to every single Jew. His actions, words, and influence emphasized the anticipation of [[Moshiach]] and activities to hasten the Redemption.


'''Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson''' (in Yiddish: '''Schneersohn'''; known as the '''Rebbe of Lubavitch''', or simply '''the Rebbe''') was born on [[11 Nissan]] 5662 (April 18, 1902) in the Russian-Ukrainian town of [[Nikolaev]]. He served as the seventh leader — Rebbe — of the [[Chabad-Lubavitch]] Chassidic movement. He is widely regarded as the most influential Jewish leader of the twentieth century.
== Life History ==


Among his most far-reaching achievements was the worldwide [[Shlichus|emissary network]] — the sending of thousands of Chabad representatives to virtually every corner of the globe — as well as a series of ten Jewish outreach campaigns he initiated, designed to bring Jewish practice and identity within reach of every Jewish man and woman. Throughout his leadership, he consistently emphasized the imminence of the Messianic redemption and directed his followers to hasten its arrival through acts of goodness and Jewish observance.
==== Birth and Early Years ====
{{Chabad}}
The Rebbe was born on Friday, 11 Nissan 5662 (April 18, 1902) in the [[Russian-Ukrainian]] town of [[Nikolayev]], to [[Levi Yitzchak Schneerson|Rabbi Levi Yitzchak]]<ref>On his father's side, the Rebbe is the sixth generation from the Admor the Tzemach Tzedek: his father Rabbi Levi Yitzchak is the son of Rabbi Baruch Shneur Zalman Schneersohn, son of Rabbi Levi Yitzchak Schneersohn, son of Rabbi Baruch Shalom Schneersohn, the firstborn son of Admor the Tzemach Tzedek - who was also the grandfather of his wife, Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka</ref> and [[Rebbetzin Chana Schneerson|Rebbetzin Chana]] Schneerson. His maternal grandfather was [[Rabbi Meir Shlomo Yanovsky]], the Rabbi of Nikolayev.


On [[3 Tammuz]] 5754 (June 12, 1994), the Rebbe passed from physical view. His Chassidic followers — based on his own teachings — believe in his eternal spiritual presence and leadership in this generation. Within the Chabad community there exists a range of views and expressions regarding the 3rd of Tammuz, but all share the conviction that these events are part of the unfolding process of the redemption, and they await the complete revelation of the Rebbe as the Mashiach (Messiah).
The [[Bris Milah]] was held on 18 Nissan, [[Chol HaMoed]] [[Pesach]], and the festive meal took place in the home of his grandfather, Rabbi Meir Shlomo Yanovsky, with many Jews from Nikolayev participating. During the celebration, his grandfathers and father delivered Torah discourses, with his father connecting the Bris celebration to his own birthday which fell on that day. The Rebbe was named "Menachem Mendel" after his great-grandfather, the [[The tzemach tzedek|Tzemach Tzedek.]]


==Life==
After his father, Rabbi Levi Yitzchak, was appointed Chief Rabbi of [[Dnepropetrovsk]] (formerly Yekaterinoslav) in 1909, the family moved there.
[[File:הרבי בילדותו.jpg|thumb|The Rebbe Shlita in His Youth]]
From a very young age, the Rebbe became known for his diligence and extraordinary memory. His time was mostly dedicated to a comprehensive study of all parts of the [[Torah]]—both revealed and hidden. His main guide in learning was his father. The Rebbe described his childhood years as the time when his worldview took shape, which he later applied throughout his life, especially as a Rebbe. In a rare letter to [[Mr. Yitzchak Ben Zvi]], he described his thoughts as a child:<blockquote>“From the time I started going to '[[cheder]]' and even before that, the image of [[Geulah - Redemption|the future redemption]] began to form in my imagination—the redemption of the Jewish people from their final [[Galus (Exile)|exile]] — a redemption that will explain the suffering of the exile, the decrees, and the destructions.”</blockquote>— Letter from 1956 to Mr. Yitzchak Ben Zvi


===Birth and Early Years===
At the age of 18, in 1920, he was appointed to serve as a rabbi in one of the synagogues in the city.


Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson was born on Friday, [[11 Nissan]] 5662 (April 18, 1902), in the Russian-Ukrainian town of [[Nikolaev]], to Rabbi [[Levi Yitzchak Schneerson]] and Rebbetzin [[Chana Schneerson]], daughter of Rabbi Meir Shlomo Yanovsky, the rabbi of Nikolaev.
In 1923, the Rebbe met the [[Rebbe Rayatz|Rebbe Rayatz (Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn)]] for the first time. Shortly thereafter, he joined him in his public activities, fulfilling special roles in various fields and standing by the Rebbe Rayatz in his famous battle to preserve the sacred practices of Judaism and mitzvot in Soviet Russia. At that time, the Rebbe Rayatz referred to him as his "Minister of Education." In Sivan 1927, the Rebbe Rayatz was arrested, and the Rebbe played a central role in efforts to save him. After his release, the Rebbe Rayatz stayed in Malchovka, and only a few followers were permitted to visit him, including the Rebbe, who was invited to see him and spent long hours conversing with him daily.


On [[18 Nissan]] 5662, during the intermediate days of [[Passover]], the Bris — the ritual circumcision — was held, and the celebratory meal took place at the home of the Rebbe's maternal grandfather, Rabbi Meir Shlomo Yanovsky. Many members of the Nikolaev Jewish community attended. During the meal, both grandfathers and the Rebbe's father spoke, with the father noting that the celebration coincided with his own birthday.{{ref|1}} The Rebbe was named "Menachem Mendel" in honor of his great-great-grandfather, the [[Tzemach Tzedek]] — the third Rebbe of Chabad.{{ref|2}}
In Tishrei 1928, he visited his parents in Dnipro. After Sukkot, his mother accompanied him to Leningrad. From there, he left Russia with the Rebbe Rayatz, who was set to become his father-in-law, and with his entire family. The Rebbe settled in Riga with the Rebbe Rayatz’s family. However, due to financial difficulties, their planned wedding was delayed, and it was decided he would move to another city. In Tevet of that year, he moved to Berlin, Germany.


In 5669 (1908–1909), the Rebbe's father was appointed Chief Rabbi of [[Dnepropetrovsk]] (then known as Yekaterinoslav), and the family relocated there.
== Marriage ==
On the 10th of Kislev, 1928, the Rebbe became engaged to [[Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka Schneerson|Chaya Mushka Schneerson]], the daughter of the Rebbe Rayatz. The wedding took place in Riga. On [[Shabbos|Shabbat]] [[Parshat Vayetze]], the 11th of [[Kislev]], the “[[Shabbat Kallah]]” took place, and the Rebbe was called to the Torah in the Rebbe Rayatz’s [[minyan]].


From an early age, the Rebbe was known for his extraordinary diligence and phenomenal memory. He devoted himself primarily to the comprehensive study of all areas of Torah — both the revealed legal tradition and the inner Kabbalistic teachings — receiving his primary guidance in learning from his father. In a rare letter to Israeli statesman Yitzchak Ben Zvi, the Rebbe described his thoughts as a young child:
Two weeks after the engagement, on the 14th of Kislev 1929, the wedding celebration was held at the [[Tomchei Temimim|Tomchei Temimim Yeshiva]] in [[Warsaw]]. Rabbis and Rebbes from all over [[Poland]] attended the event.


{{quote|From the day I went to ''cheder'' — Jewish elementary school — and even before that, the vision of the future redemption began to take shape in my imagination: the redemption of the Jewish people from its final exile, a redemption of such a nature that would justify and give meaning to the suffering of the exile, its decrees and its persecutions.|Letter, 5716 (1955–1956), to Mr. Yitzchak Ben Zvi}}
Due to Soviet authorities not permitting the Rebbe's parents to leave Russia and attend the wedding, they held a simultaneous celebration in Russia to mark their son's wedding. Despite their absence, many friends and supporters attended, and the joy was immense.


In 5680 (1919–1920), at the age of eighteen, the Rebbe was appointed to serve as a rabbi in one of the synagogues of Dnepropetrovsk.{{ref|3}}
The Rebbe remarked on his wedding day:<blockquote>"The day that connected me to you, and you to me, so that together we will labor and bring about the true and complete redemption."


In 5683 (1922–1923), the Rebbe met the [[Previous Rebbe]] — Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn — for the first time. He subsequently became deeply involved in the Previous Rebbe's public activities and served in various capacities, standing at his side in his celebrated campaign to preserve Jewish religious life under Communist rule in Soviet Russia. The Previous Rebbe referred to him during this period as his "minister of education."{{ref|4}}
— Translation from remarks made on the 14th of Kislev 1954.</blockquote>After the wedding, the Rebbe and his wife lived for a short time in [[Riga]]. His father-in-law, the Rebbe Rayatz, instructed him to lead gatherings on Shabbat and special days, as well as directing him to handle matters of Jewish law, [[Kabbalah]], and [[Toras HaChassidus|Chassidus]], and special duties concerning the guidance of the [[Chassidim]] and community.


In the month of Sivan 5687 (1927), the Previous Rebbe was arrested by Soviet authorities. The Rebbe was among those who worked most strenuously to secure his release. After his liberation, the Previous Rebbe recuperated in [[Malachovka]], where only a select few Chassidim were permitted to visit. The Rebbe was among those invited, and for many days spoke with him at length each day.
==== Berlin ====
On the 10th of [[Shvat]], 1929, the Rebbe left Latvia and moved to [[Berlin]], where he established his residence with his wife, Chaya Mushka. Following his father-in-law's instructions, the Rebbe began academic studies at the [[University]] of Berlin.
[[File:הרבי צרפת.jpg|thumb|The Rebbe Shlita in Paris Around 1937]]
During his time in Berlin, he made several trips to visit the Rebbe Rayatz in Riga. He also visited the Rebbe Rayatz’s court in Tishrei 1930, when the Rebbe Rayatz traveled to the [[United States]], where the Rebbe met with Chassidim.


In Tishrei 5688 (autumn 1927), the Rebbe visited his parents in Dnepropetrovsk. After [[Sukkos]], his mother accompanied him to Leningrad. From there, together with the Previous Rebbe — who would later become his father-in-law — and all his household, the Rebbe left Russia. He settled in [[Riga]], Latvia, with the Previous Rebbe's family, though his planned marriage was delayed due to financial constraints. He subsequently moved to [[Berlin]], Germany, where he resided from Tevet 5688 (late 1927).
In Nisan 1933, due to the worsening situation and growing [[anti-Semitism]] in [[Germany]], the Rebbe and his wife left Berlin and immigrated to [[Paris]]. This occurred a few months after Hitler came to power.


===Marriage===
==== Paris ====
In Paris, the Rebbe dedicated himself to Torah study with great diligence, without drawing attention to himself.


On [[6 Kislev]] 5689 (November 9, 1928), the Rebbe became engaged to Miss [[Chaya Mushka Schneersohn]], the daughter of the Previous Rebbe.
Simultaneously, by his father-in-law’s instructions, he studied at the Sorbonne University.


The wedding took place in the city of [[Riga]]. On [[Shabbos]], Parshas Vayeitzei, [[11 Kislev]] 5689, the traditional ''Shabbos Chasan'' — the Shabbos preceding the wedding — was celebrated, and the Rebbe was called to the Torah in the Previous Rebbe's synagogue.
Additionally, the Rebbe worked with great dedication in matters of communal responsibility, following [[the Rebbe Rayatz]]’s guidance, who was then in Poland. He also managed the transmission of funds and contributions sent from the United States to his father-in-law’s court in Poland.


Two weeks after the engagement, on [[14 Kislev]] 5689 (November 14, 1928), the wedding ceremony was held in the courtyard of the [[Tomchei Temimim]] yeshiva in Warsaw. Many rabbis and Chassidic leaders from across Poland participated.
He compiled Chassidic teachings at that time, including:


The Rebbe's parents were prevented by Soviet authorities from leaving Russia to attend. They held a parallel celebration in their own city, together with many friends, and rejoiced even in the absence of the bride and groom.
* [[‘HaTamim’ pamphlets]]
 
* [[Sicha|Talks]] of the Rebbe Rayatz
On the anniversary of his wedding, the Rebbe once said:
* Letters of the Rebbe Rayatz
 
{{quote|This is the day on which you were bound to me and I to you, and together we will toil to bring the true and complete redemption.|Spoken at a gathering, 14 Kislev 5714 (November 19, 1953)}}
 
Following the wedding, the Rebbe resided briefly in Riga, where the Previous Rebbe assigned him to lead gatherings on the [[Shabbos Mevorchim]] — the Shabbos before each new Hebrew month — and on special Chabad dates. The Previous Rebbe also began directing Halachic (Jewish legal), Kabbalistic, and Chassidic questions to the Rebbe, and entrusted him with special tasks in the leadership of the Chassidic community.
 
===Berlin===
 
On [[10 Shevat]] 5689 (January 9, 1929), the Rebbe left Latvia and traveled to [[Berlin]], the capital of Germany, where he established his home together with Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka. At the direction of his father-in-law, he began pursuing academic studies at the University of Berlin.
 
During his years in Berlin, the Rebbe traveled several times to visit the Previous Rebbe in Riga. He also visited during Tishrei 5690 (autumn 1929), when the Previous Rebbe traveled to the United States, leading gatherings with Chassidim in his absence. Throughout this period, the Rebbe met with many leading Torah authorities on behalf of his father-in-law.
 
In Nissan 5693 (spring 1933), in the wake of the difficult conditions and rising antisemitism in Germany following Hitler's rise to power, the Rebbe and Rebbetzin left Berlin and emigrated to [[Paris]].
 
===Paris===
 
In Paris, the Rebbe devoted himself to Torah study with great dedication, while largely avoiding public attention. In addition, at the direction of his father-in-law, he studied at the [[Sorbonne]].{{ref|5}}
 
The Rebbe was also deeply involved in communal affairs, following the instructions of the Previous Rebbe, who at the time resided in Poland. He also managed the transfer of funds and Chassidic membership contributions sent from the United States to his father-in-law's court in Poland.
 
====Editing Chassidic Works====
 
During his years in Paris, the Rebbe edited and prepared several Chassidic publications under the direction of the Previous Rebbe:
 
* The ''HaTamim'' journals
* Talks of the Previous Rebbe
* Letters of the Previous Rebbe
* Indexes to the [[Tanya]]
* Indexes to the [[Tanya]]
* Indexes to [[Torah Ohr]]
* Indexes to [[Torah Ohr]]
* Indexes to [[Likkutei Torah]]
* Indexes to [[Likkutei Torah]]
* Indexes to the discourses of the [[Rebbe Rashab]] (the fifth Rebbe of Chabad)
* Indexes to the Ma’amarei Admor Rashab
* Other Torah compilations.


===World War II and Escape to America===
==== During [[World War II]] ====
In the winter of 1939, Chabad in the United States, by the Rebbe Rayatz’s instructions, began lobbying with high-level officials to obtain entry visas for the Rebbe and his wife to the United States. The request was submitted at the American Consulate in Paris. However, due to the war, communication was difficult, and it was unclear whether the visa had been granted.
[[File:תשב.JPG|thumb|The Rebbe Shlita , after his arrival in the United States, with the Rebbe  Rayatz, (5702/1942)]]
In 1940, just before [[Shavuot]] (after the Germans had already entered France and the Rebbe had not yet received the U.S. visa), the Rebbe and his wife left the city and traveled to southern France, an area not yet occupied by the Germans. On the evening of Shavuot, they arrived in the city of Vichy. In late summer 1940, they moved from Vichy to Nice, where they lived for eight to nine months until the summer of 1941. Meanwhile, efforts to secure visas continued. On the 20th of Nisan 1941, the visas were received in Marseille, and from there, the Rebbe and his wife made their way to Lisbon, Portugal.


In Kislev 5700 (late 1939), the Chabad-Lubavitch organization in America began working — at the direction of the Previous Rebbe — to obtain entry visas to the United States for the Rebbe and Rebbetzin. The application was filed at the American consulate in Paris. Diplomatic efforts were made to expedite the process, but wartime conditions severely hampered communication, and it was initially unclear whether the consulate had granted approval.
On the 17th of Sivan, 1941, the Rebbe and his wife boarded the ship "S.S. Serpa Pinto" from Portugal to New York, where they arrived on the 28th of Sivan, 1941. A delegation of Chassidim sent by the Rebbe Rayatz welcomed them at the port.


Several days before [[Shavuos]] 5700 (spring 1940) — after the Germans had entered France and while the Rebbe had not yet received a visa — the Rebbe and Rebbetzin left Paris and traveled to southern France, a region not yet under German occupation. By the eve of Shavuos they reached [[Vichy]]. At the end of the summer of 5700, they moved to [[Nice]], where they lived for eight or nine months, until the early summer of 5701 (1941). Throughout this period, efforts to obtain visas continued both in Nice and in the United States. On [[20 Nissan]] 5701, the visas were received in [[Marseille]], where the Rebbe then resided.
==== In the United States ====
Upon his arrival in the United States, the Rebbe began assisting his father-in-law, the Rebbe Rayatz, in all of his activities, particularly his efforts to establish America as a center of Torah and Chassidus. In 1942, the Rebbe Rayatz appointed him as the chairman of the central Chabad institutions:
[[File:בצעירותו.jpg|thumb|The Rebbe Shlita during his university studies]]
* [[Machane Yisrael|Macahne Yisroel]]
* [[Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch|merkoz linyonei chinuch]]
* [[Kehos|Kehot]] Publishing House.


After obtaining the visas, the Rebbe and Rebbetzin sailed to [[Lisbon]], Portugal. On [[17 Sivan]] 5701 (June 23, 1941), they boarded the ship ''Serpa Pinto''. On [[28 Sivan]] 5701 (June 23, 1941), they arrived in [[New York City]], where a delegation of Chassidim sent by the Previous Rebbe was waiting to greet them.
In 1943, the Rebbe was also appointed as the chief editor of [[Kehos|Kehot's]] publications.
[[File:שחמט.jpg|thumb|The Rebbe Shlita playing [[chess]] with the Rebbe Rayatz at the health resort town of Purkersdorf in the year ([[5697|5697/1937]])]]
During those years, the Rebbe also worked as a ship engineer in the U.S. Navy.
[[File:Ship.jpg|thumb|The ship 'Serpa Pinto' on which the Rebbe Shlita and the Rebbetzin sailed from Portugal to New York]]
==== Activities Toward Accepting Leadership ====
''Extended article - [[The Rebbe Accepting The Nesius|The Rebbe's Acceptance of Leadership]]''


===In the United States===
After 10 Shevat 5710 (1950), when news spread of the passing of the Previous Rebbe (Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn), the Chassidim began discussing the need to appoint his son-in-law, the Rebbe (then known as "The RaMaSh"), as his successor.
[[File:תשיב.jpg|thumb|The Rebbe Shlita at a farbrengen in the same place where he accepted the leadership, (5712/1952)]]
Extensive activity was undertaken by Chassidim worldwide to encourage the Rebbe to accept the leadership. The activity was led by prominent Chassidim across the globe:


Upon his arrival in America, the Rebbe immediately began assisting his father-in-law, the Previous Rebbe, in all his activities — above all in his great effort to make America a home for Torah and Chassidic life. In 5702 (1941–1942), the Previous Rebbe appointed him as chairman of the central Chabad institutions:
===== In the United States: =====
 
* Rabbi [[Eliyahu Simpson]] - Gabbai of the Previous Rebbe
* [[Machne Israel]] — a social service and outreach organization
* Rabbi Israel Jacobson - Leader of Agudas Chassidei Chabad
* [[Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch]] — the educational arm of Chabad
* [[Shneur Zalman Gurary|Rabbi Shneur Zalman Gurary]]
* [[Kehot Publication Society]] — the Chabad publishing house
 
In 5703 (1942–1943), the Rebbe was also appointed editor-in-chief of Kehot's publications.
 
During those years, the Rebbe simultaneously worked as an engineer with the United States Navy.{{ref|6}} He also held regular gatherings with young Chassidim, maintaining close ties of guidance and personal influence.
 
===Visit to Paris, 5707 (1947)===
 
After the Holocaust, the Rebbe worked tirelessly to bring his mother, Rebbetzin Chana, to New York. She had endured years of exile, hunger, and illness, but eventually reached the displaced persons camp at [[Pocking]], Germany. The Rebbe worked to obtain travel documents for her. As a first step, she traveled to Paris.
 
On [[25 Adar]] 5707 (March 16, 1947), the Rebbe traveled to Paris to meet his mother, remaining there for approximately three months. On [[28 Sivan]] he returned to New York together with her. During his time in Paris, he held gatherings with Chabad Chassidim and students, encouraging them in their commitment to supporting the Previous Rebbe's leadership and their connection to Torah study and Jewish practice.{{ref|7}}
 
===Accepting the Leadership===
 
===The Campaign to Appoint the Rebbe===
 
Following [[10 Shevat]] 5710 (January 28, 1950), when the passing of the Previous Rebbe became known, Chassidim around the world began discussing the urgent need to appoint his son-in-law — then known as "the Ramash" (an acronym for Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson) — as his successor.
 
Extensive efforts were made by Chassidim across the globe to persuade the Rebbe to accept the leadership. Among those who led and supported this campaign:
 
'''In the United States:'''
* Rabbi Eliyahu Simpson — the personal aide of the Previous Rebbe
* Rabbi Yisroel Jacobson — a senior leader of the Agudas Chassidei Chabad organization
* Rabbi Shneur Zalman Gurary
* Rabbi Shmuel Zalmanov
* Rabbi Shmuel Zalmanov
* Rabbi Shmuel Levitin — a senior mentor and spiritual guide
* [[Shmuel Levitin|Rabbi Shmuel Levitin]] - The [[Mashpia]]
* Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Kazarnovsky
* [[Shlomo Aharon Kazarnovsky|Rabbi Shlomo Aaron Kazarnovsky]]
* Rabbi Dovber Chaskind
* Rabbi DovBer Haskin
* Rabbi Meir Ashkenazi — Rabbi of Shanghai
* Rabbi Meir Ashkenazi - Rabbi of [[Shanghai]]


'''In the Holy Land:'''
===== In the Holy Land: =====
* Rabbi Eliezer Krasik — Chairman of Agudas Chassidei Chabad in the Land of Israel
* Rabbi Eliezer Karasik - Chairman of Agudas Chassidei Chabad in the Holy Land
* Rabbi Moshe Gurary
* Rabbi Moshe Gurary - Director of Agudas Chassidei Chabad
* Rabbi Shmerel Gurary
* Rabbi Shmerel Gurary
* Rabbi Avraham Paris
* Rabbi [[Avraham Paris]]
* Rabbi Shlomo Yosef Zevin
* Rabbi Shlomo Yosef Zevin
* Rabbi Avraham Chen
* Rabbi Avraham Chein
* Rabbi Avraham Chaim Naeh
* Rabbi Avraham Chaim Na'eh
 
'''In Europe:'''
* Rabbi Nissan Nemenov — Director and spiritual mentor of the Tomchei Temimim yeshiva in Brunoy, France
* Rabbi Yisroel Noach Blinitzky
* Rabbi Avraham Sander Nemtzov
* Rabbi Saadia Liberow
 
These leaders enthusiastically supported the Rebbe's succession and worked to bring Chabad Chassidim in America, the Land of Israel, and around the world into alignment with his leadership. At the same time, some members of the community — as well as the Previous Rebbe's widow, Rebbetzin Nechama Dina — supported the appointment of the Previous Rebbe's eldest son-in-law, Rabbi Shmarya Gurary. After the Rebbe accepted the leadership, however, Rabbi Shmarya Gurary himself demonstrated exceptional deference and subordination to the Rebbe.
 
In the months following the Previous Rebbe's passing, many Chassidim from around the world wrote letters of allegiance and sent them to [[770 Eastern Parkway]] — Chabad headquarters in Brooklyn. The Rebbe declined to accept the leadership. Over the following months, the entreaties of the Chassidim intensified and the Rebbe's refusals continued, though gradually he began assuming communal responsibilities — writing general letters, issuing guidance, and receiving individuals for private audiences (''yechidus'').


On the night of [[10 Shevat]] 5711 (January 17, 1951), at a gathering held to mark the first anniversary of the Previous Rebbe's passing, the Rebbe delivered the Chassidic discourse known as ''Basi L'Gani'' ("I have come to My garden") — and thereby formally accepted the leadership of Chabad-Lubavitch.{{ref|8}}
===== In Europe: =====
* Rabbi Nissan Nemenov - Director and Mashpia of Tomchei Tmimim in Brunoy
* Rabbi Israel Noach Blinitzky
* Rabbi Avraham Sender Nemtzov
* [[Saadia Liberow|Rabbi Saadia Liberow]]


==Leadership of Chabad-Lubavitch==
These individuals enthusiastically supported the Rebbe's leadership and influenced Chabad Chassidim in the United States, [[Israel]], and worldwide to accept his leadership. They also worked to ensure Chabad institutions would accept the Rebbe's leadership. However, some Chabad Chassidim, as well as Rebbetzin Nechama Dina (wife of the Previous Rebbe), supported the Previous Rebbe's elder son-in-law, Rabbi [[Shmaryahu Gurary (RaShaG)]], to lead the movement. After the Rebbe accepted leadership, RaShaG showed exceptional deference to the Rebbe.


===His Role as Rebbe===
In the months following the passing, many Chassidim from around the world wrote letters of connection and sent them to [[770 Eastern Parkway|770]], but the Rebbe refused to accept the leadership. Over the following months, the pleas from the Chassidim increased while the Rebbe continued to refuse, though gradually he began taking on communal leadership responsibilities - writing general letters, giving instructions, receiving people for private audiences, and more. On the evening of 10 Shevat 5711, at a gathering marking the first anniversary of the Previous Rebbe's passing, the Rebbe delivered the [[Maamar|discourse]] "[[Basi LeGani]]," thereby officially accepting leadership of Chabad Chassidism.


Following the passing of the Previous Rebbe, the Rebbe threw himself into expanding and strengthening the Torah and educational institutions that his father-in-law had established throughout the world.
== Leadership of Chabad Chassidism ==


Even before formally accepting the leadership, the Rebbe had already sent the first emissaries to Morocco — Rabbi Michoel Lipskier and Rabbi Shlomo Matusof — who founded the [[Oholei Yosef Yitzchak Lubavitch network]] there: a system of yeshivas, boys' schools, and girls' schools that brought thousands of Jewish young people a genuine Jewish education and saved them from spiritual assimilation. Alongside these, smaller yeshivas and study halls were established in Morocco to train teachers, rabbis, ritual slaughterers, scribes, and other religious functionaries.
==== His role as Rebbe ====
After the passing of the Previous Rebbe, he began energetically expanding the Torah and educational institutions established by the Previous Rebbe worldwide.
[[File:תשיא 2.jpg|thumb|The Rebbe's first official photograph taken on 30 Shevat 5711 at a reception for R' Yehuda Leib Posner]]
Even before formally accepting leadership, the Rebbe sent the first emissaries to [[Morocco]] - Rabbi Michael Lipsker and Rabbi Shlomo Matusof. Following the Rebbe's instructions, his emissaries to Morocco established the Oholei Yosef Yitzchak Lubavitch (Morocco) network, including yeshivas, boys' schools, and girls' schools in Morocco, thereby providing thousands of Jewish youth with authentic Jewish education and saving them from spiritual assimilation. Simultaneously, under the Rebbe's guidance, smaller yeshivas and study houses were established in Morocco to train teachers, rabbis, ritual slaughterers, scribes, and other religious functionaries.


In the early years of his leadership, the Rebbe sent emissaries to communities throughout the United States, Brazil, and beyond.
In the early years of his leadership, the Rebbe sent emissaries throughout the United States, Brazil, and elsewhere.


The Rebbe issued open letters addressed to world Jewry at large, calling on every Jew to strengthen their Jewish commitment. These letters were distributed through emissaries in the press and other media so as to reach the maximum number of Jews. Countless people turned to the Rebbe for advice and blessings. His gatherings — held on Shabbos and Jewish holidays — drew growing crowds of Chassidim and Jews of all backgrounds, who listened avidly to his talks and recorded them in writing.{{ref|9}}
The Rebbe published general letters in which he encouraged all jews to strengthen themselves. These general letters were published by the Rebbe's emissaries in newspapers and other media to spread the messages to the Jewish people at large, reaching a record number of Jews. Many turned to the Rebbe seeking his advice and holy blessings. Masses of Chassidim and Jews of all types began flocking to his gatherings, eagerly absorbing his holy talks, which were also transcribed.


At his gathering on 10 Shevat 5711 — and especially in the ''Basi L'Gani'' discourse — the Rebbe articulated what he saw as the central purpose of his leadership in this world: to bring about the redemption and the revelation of Mashiach.
At the gathering of 10 Shevat 5711, and especially in the discourse "Basi LeGani," the Rebbe emphasized his purpose in the world - to bring about the redemption and revelation of Moshiach speedily.
[[File:הרבי.jpeg|thumb|The Rebbe Shlita ]]
During the Purim gathering in 5711, held several weeks after accepting leadership, the Rebbe began speaking about himself and his leadership, stating "I am only a pipeline," "One must be connected to the Rebbe, I am only filling a position in one aspect." Among other things, he said: "After the passing of the Rebbe RaShaB, the Previous Rebbe once said that he doesn't say 'may his soul rest in Eden' about his father, because why say 'may his soul rest in Eden' when it's easier and better to say 'his soul is within me.' The same applies to the Rebbe – I don't say 'may his soul rest in Eden,' but rather 'his soul is within me'!"


Throughout his public addresses, the Rebbe emphasized that "the deed is the essential thing," yet always clarified that his teachings and appeals were offered as loving guidance rather than commands.{{ref|10}} He was also careful, despite his profound mastery of Jewish law, not to issue formal Halachic rulings himself, directing legal questions to the appropriate rabbinic authorities. When asked why he did not rule on matters of Jewish law, he replied simply that he had a deep reverence for rendering legal decisions.{{ref|11}}
==== Daily Schedule ====
''Extended article - [[The Rebbe's Daily Schedule]]''


===His Daily Schedule===
For most of the day, the Rebbe's occupation revolved primarily around Torah study and responding to letters sent to him from around the world. Additionally, with increasing frequency over the years, the Rebbe would visit the resting place of his father-in-law, the Previous Rebbe. Furthermore, for decades the Rebbe dedicated time three times a week to receive people for private audiences in his personal room, where he would answer people's questions and guide them in divine service. In later years, due to the heavy burden, the Rebbe discontinued private audiences and began receiving the public in general audiences in his study hall. On 11 Nissan 5746, the Rebbe began distributing dollars for charity every Sunday. Many rabbis and public figures came to the Rebbe during the dollar distribution and private audiences to receive his blessing and advice.


The greater part of each day was devoted to Torah study and to responding to the enormous volume of correspondence sent to him from around the world. In addition — with increasing frequency as the years passed — the Rebbe would visit the gravesite (''Ohel'') of his father-in-law, the Previous Rebbe, where he would read aloud the written prayer requests and petitions that had been sent to him.
Every Shabbat, a gathering was held with the Rebbe, where he would deliver talks dealing with both the revealed and mystical aspects of Torah, as well as current affairs. Starting in 5725, the Rebbe began analyzing one of Rashi's commentaries on the weekly Torah portion at every gathering. From late 5730, the Rebbe began studying one of his father's commentaries in Likkutei Levi Yitzchak at every gathering, and from 5744, the Rebbe began analyzing one of the daily Rambam lessons at every gathering.


For decades, the Rebbe also devoted time three days a week to receiving individuals for private audiences (''yechidus'') in his study, where he would answer questions and offer personal guidance. In later years, due to the enormous demand, the private audiences were replaced with general audiences in the main synagogue at 770 Eastern Parkway.
== His Work and Influence ==


On [[11 Nissan]] 5746 (April 20, 1986), the Rebbe began the practice of distributing dollar bills every Sunday to visitors, designating them for charity. Rabbis and public figures from across the world came to receive a dollar, a blessing, and the Rebbe's personal guidance.
==== Activities in the Jewish World ====
''Extended article - [[The Ten Mivtzoim|The Ten Mivtzoyim]]''


Every Shabbos, a major public gathering was held, at which the Rebbe delivered talks spanning both the revealed dimension of Torah scholarship — Talmud, Halacha, and Biblical commentary — and the inner Chassidic teachings, as well as reflections on current events. Beginning in 5725 (1964–1965), the Rebbe began devoting a portion of every Shabbos gathering to an in-depth examination of one of [[Rashi]]'s commentaries on the weekly Torah portion. From the end of 5730 (1969–1970), he added a regular study segment on the Torah commentary of his father, Rabbi Levi Yitzchak Schneerson. From 5744 (1983–1984), a regular segment on the [[daily Rambam study cycle]] was added as well.
After ascending to the Nesius (leadership), the Rebbe began leading campaigns to publicize Jewish mitzvos and Chassidic teachings under the banner of "Ufaratzta" (And you shall spread forth), taken from the possuk "Ufaratzta yama vakeidma v'tzafona v'negba" [westward, eastward, northward and southward]. Within this framework, the Rebbe called upon his Chassidim to influence wherever possible, to fulfill mitzvos and study Torah, among other things, by going out to public places and meriting the public with these mitzvos. The Rebbe also called for financial assistance to those who couldn't afford tashmishei mitzvah (ritual items).


===His Work and Influence===
Later, he initiated public activities that he termed 'Mivtzoyim' (campaigns). Some of the Mivtzoyim are connected to Yom Tov observances and are seasonal, for example lighting Chanukah menoros in homes, stores and city centers, Lag BaOmer parades, helping Yidden shake lulav on Sukkos, distributing handmade shmurah matzah before Pesach, blowing shofar on Rosh Hashanah, arranging for those who don't attend shul to hear the Aseres HaDibros (Ten Commandments) on Shavuos, fulfilling the four mitzvos of [[Purim]], and more.


====Expanding Jewish Outreach====
The Rebbe frequently emphasized the great importance of performing practical mitzvos, even just once, and even when the mitzvah is done without understanding its deeper meaning.


Upon ascending to the leadership, the Rebbe launched an extensive program of initiatives to spread Jewish identity and Chassidic teaching — through the founding and strengthening of educational institutions and the expansion of Chabad organizations worldwide.
Another project the Rebbe initiated, called 'The Ten Mivtzoyim', was a call for every Yid to fulfill ten mitzvos that he saw as central, and to influence other Yidden to fulfill them, which include:


In the Land of Israel, the Rebbe established the [[Tze'irei Agudas Chabad]] youth organization, the [[Reshet Oholei Yosef Yitzchak]] school network, and the [[Neshei Chabad]] women's organization. He restructured the operations of [[Agudas Chassidei Chabad]] in Israel and issued detailed guidance on expanding Jewish outreach to meet the needs of the local Jewish population.
* [[Mivtza Ahavas Yisroel|Ahavas Yisroel]] (love of fellow Jews)
* [[Mivtza Chinuch|Chinuch]] (Jewish education)
* [[Mivtza Torah|Torah study]]
* [[Mivtza Tefillin|Tefillin]]
* [[Mivtza Mezuzah|Mezuzah]]
* [[Mivtza Kashrus|Kashrus]]
* [[Mivtza Tzedakah|Tzedakah]]
* [[Mivtza Bayis Molei Seforim|Having seforim in the home]]
* [[Mivtza Neiros Shabbos Kodesh|Neiros Shabbos Kodesh and Yom Tov candle lighting]]
* [[Mivtza Taharas Hamishpacha|Taharas HaMishpacha (family purity)]]


In the United States, the Rebbe established the American branches of Tze'irei Agudas Chabad and Neshei Chabad, and continued developing the organizations he had already been directing: Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch, Machne Israel, and Kehot Publication Society.
Following his call, Chabad Chassidim set up tefillin stands in city streets offering passersby the opportunity to perform this mitzvah. N'shei uBnos Chabad (Chabad women and girls) are active in distributing Shabbos candles and explanatory pamphlets about the mitzvah to women and girls. Additionally, Chabad Houses offer mezuzah installation and checking services, and kitchen kashering for all who are interested.


Simultaneously, the Rebbe dispatched emissaries to communities throughout the United States and to countries including Australia, Brazil, and Morocco. In each location, educational institutions and Chabad centers were founded, with outreach activity tailored to the character of the local Jewish population.
In this period following his acceptance of the Nesius, the Rebbe established in Eretz HaKodesh:


The Rebbe also devoted sustained personal attention to [[Kfar Chabad]] — the Chabad village in Israel — guiding its physical and spiritual development through specific written instructions covering every area of communal life.
* [[Tzeirei Agudas Chabad|Tzeirei Agudas Chabad organization]]
* [[Oholei Yosef Yitzchak network|The Oholei Yosef Yitzchak network]]
* [[N'shei Chabad organization]]


====Outreach Among Sephardic and Middle Eastern Jewish Communities====
He instituted structural and organizational changes with new general and specific horaos (directives) in Agudas Chassidei Chabad, positioning it as an umbrella organization for all Chabad mosdos in Eretz HaKodesh. This was alongside assistance to Colel Chabad which provided support to Chassidim in gashmius matters.


The Rebbe broadened the scope of Torah and mitzvah outreach among Jewish communities from Middle Eastern and North African countries. Emissaries were sent to Morocco and, in subsequent years, to Tunisia, Iran, Uzbekistan, and Georgia — places where Chabad had long been active — as well as to Sephardic Jewish communities worldwide.
In the United States, the Rebbe established:


====The Emissary Network====
* [[Tzeirei Agudas Chabad]] in [[New York]]
* N'shei Chabad organization


{{main|Chabad House}}
Simultaneously, he strengthened and developed the organizations he had managed until then:


The Previous Rebbe had sent emissaries to various countries in an effort to draw Jews closer to Torah and mitzvah observance. Under the Rebbe's leadership, however, this effort was expanded on an enormous scale. Today, the Chabad emissary network encompasses nearly every city and settlement in the world where Jews are found, with over 6,000 emissaries — including more than 1,700 in the Land of Israel.
* [[Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch]]
* [[Machane Yisrael|Machne Israel]]
* [[Kehos|Kehot Publication Society]]


The first emissaries were sent to Morocco in the earliest years of the Rebbe's leadership: Rabbi Michoel Lipskier, Rabbi Shlomo Matusof, and Rabbi Nissan Pinson. Simultaneously, Rabbi Tzvi Hirsch Chitrik was sent to Brazil, and many emissaries were dispatched throughout the United States.
In parallel, the Rebbe sent [[Shliach|shluchim]] to various states across America, and to additional countries such as Australia, [[Brazil]], and Morocco. In these locations, educational institutions and Chabad organizations were established, alongside activities to bring Yidden closer to Yiddishkeit and Chassidus, tailored to the conditions of each local Jewish community. In Morocco, the Oholei Yosef Yitzchak Lubavitch (Morocco) network of institutions was established.


Under the Rebbe's guidance, the concept of ''shlichus'' — the mission of an emissary — became a defining demand that the Rebbe placed on Chabad Chassidim and on all Jews: to leave the comfort of one's familiar surroundings and devote oneself to bringing Judaism and Chassidic teaching to communities in need. Chabad Houses founded through this mission serve as centers of both spiritual and practical support for Jews everywhere.
Concurrently, the Rebbe worked extensively for [[Kfar Chabad]] both b'gashmius and b'ruchnius, from specific instructions in all areas of life, concern for expanding the mosdos, establishing enterprises and material welfare, to matters of [[tznius]], [[Chinuch (Education)|chinuch]], and activities for [[hafatzas hamaayanos]].


Most of the emissaries' resources are directed toward drawing as many Jews as possible back to Jewish tradition, Torah, and mitzvah observance. They have brought about the Jewish return and renewal of many individuals in Israel and throughout the world. Chabad emissaries assist Jews in practical matters as well — reflecting the Chabad view that physical help is no less important than spiritual guidance.{{ref|12}} Many Chabad Houses operate food kitchens and charitable programs for those in need.{{ref|13}} Chabad Houses in tourist areas frequently serve as Jewish embassies of a kind, assisting travelers — including in emergencies.{{ref|14}}
==== The Shlichus Enterprise ====
''Extended article - [[Chabad House]]''
[[File:שלוחים.jpg|thumb|The Rebbe's shluchim in the traditional photograph (5773/2013)]]
The Rebbe's father-in-law, the Frierdiker (Previous) Rebbe, worked to bring Yidden closer to Torah and mitzvos, and sent shluchim to various countries. However, during his time the scope of activity was relatively limited, and the Rebbe expanded it on an enormous scale, until today the number of shluchim reaches about two thousand spread throughout the world.


====The Daily Rambam Study Cycle====
The first shluchim were sent to Morocco in the early years of the Rebbe's nesius, including: Rabbi Michel Lipsker, Rabbi Shlomo Matusof, and Rabbi Nissan Pinson. Simultaneously, Rabbi Tzvi Hirsch Chitrik was sent as a shliach to Brazil, and many shluchim were sent throughout the United States.


In 5744 (1983–1984), the Rebbe initiated the [[Daily Rambam Study Cycle]] — a program dividing the Halachic code of [[Maimonides]] (the Rambam's ''Mishneh Torah'') into daily study portions.{{ref|15}} One of the program's goals is to encourage a clear, comprehensive familiarity with all areas of Jewish law as set out by Maimonides. Three study tracks were established: a three-chapter daily track that completes the entire code in one year; a one-chapter daily track completed over three years; and a daily track in the Rambam's ''Sefer HaMitzvos'' (Book of the Commandments), completed annually.
Under the Rebbe's leadership, the concept of shlichus became a central requirement from Chabad Chassidim in particular, and from every Jew in general, to leave their place and dedicate themselves to spreading Yiddishkeit and Chassidus in places that needed it. As part of this requirement, the Rebbe established the shlichus enterprise, appointing his Chassidim as shluchim in every location and establishing Chabad Houses worldwide that provide both gashmius (material) and ruchnius (spiritual) assistance to every Jew. Over the years, the shlichus enterprise expanded, and today it encompasses almost every city and settlement in the world where Jews are found, numbering over 6,000 shluchim, including 1,700 shluchim in Eretz Yisroel.


The initiative grew out of a talk the Rebbe delivered on Shabbos, [[20 Kislev]] 5744 (December 16, 1983), in which he called for a global division of the Rambam's code among all Jews — similar to the practice of dividing the Talmud for collective study. Students at the Chabad yeshiva in Casablanca, Morocco — the very city where Maimonides had once lived — had been studying that talk and independently organized a division of the entire ''Mishneh Torah'' among the local Jewish community, to be completed between [[10 Shevat]] (the anniversary of the Rebbe's formal acceptance of the leadership) and [[11 Nissan]] (the Rebbe's birthday) — which also coincides with Maimonides' birthday on [[14 Nissan]]. The emissary students took the laws of agency and partnership for themselves, in keeping with their role as the Rebbe's emissaries. When the Rebbe received their report, he responded warmly in a letter beginning with words of appreciation.
==== The Daily Rambam Study Initiative ====
''Extended article - [[Takonas Limud HaRambam - The Rambam Study Initiative]]''


===His Influence Beyond the Jewish World===
In 5744 (1984), the Rebbe initiated the daily [[The Rambam|Rambam]] study project, in which the Rambam's halachic works were divided into daily study portions. One of the takana's objectives was to encourage concise study of all areas of halacha in a clear and illuminating way, as they are formulated in the Rambam's seforim. There are three study tracks:


====The Seven Laws of Noah====
* Three chapters per day, completing the entire Yad HaChazaka in one year
* One chapter per day, completing the series once in three years
* Study of [[Sefer HaMitzvos]], completed once a year


Beginning in the 1980s, the Rebbe called for a concerted effort to disseminate the [[Seven Laws of Noah]] — the universal moral code that Jewish law holds all of humanity responsible to observe — to all people everywhere. He based this call on the ruling of Maimonides{{ref|16}} that the Jewish people has an obligation to ensure that the nations of the world uphold these seven fundamental laws. The Rebbe argued that the historical reluctance to engage with this obligation — stemming from fear that such efforts might be seen as religious interference — was largely no longer relevant in the modern world, and that the Jewish duty to bring this ethical framework to humanity remained fully in force.{{ref|17}}
At one farbrengen in 5744, which was actually a continuation of the [[Yud-Tes Kislev]] [[farbrengen]] that fell that year on Friday, the Rebbe mentioned and aroused that the time had come to arrange a division similar to the division of Shas in studying the Rambam's Mishneh Torah. The directive wasn't immediately implemented, but the talmidim hashluchim at the Chabad yeshiva in Casablanca, Morocco, where the Rambam had lived for several years, who learned this sicha, divided the entire Mishneh Torah among the Torah community in Morocco, to be learned between Yud Shevat (the day of accepting the nesius) and the Rebbe's birthday on Yud-Alef Nissan and the Rambam's birthday on Yud-Daled Nissan. The talmidim hashluchim themselves took "Hilchos Shluchin V'Shutfin" in connection with their role as the Rebbe's shluchim, and Reb Shlomo Matusof, the head shliach and yeshiva director, gave them a shiur in these halachos.


The Rebbe viewed the effort to bring the Seven Laws of Noah to the nations of the world as part of the preparatory process for the Messianic era — when, according to the prophetic vision, all humanity will live according to the moral principles incumbent upon them.
==== The Seven Noahide Laws ====
''Extended article - [[The Seven Noahide Laws]]''


In response to the Rebbe's initiative and the work of his Chassidim on this issue, the United States Congress issued a proclamation recognizing the Seven Laws of Noah as the ethical foundation of civilized society.
Starting in the 1980s, the Rebbe called for action to instill the Sheva Mitzvos B'nei Noach (Seven Noahide Laws) to all of humanity, encouraging all people to observe them, based on the Rambam's ruling that there is an obligation on the Jewish people to ensure that the nations of the world fulfill the Seven Noahide Laws. In his view, the notable lack of engagement with this topic in previous generations stemmed from concern that such activity would be perceived as an attempt to interfere with the gentiles' religion, a concern that barely exists today, and therefore the Jewish obligation to transmit the Seven Mitzvos remains in full force.
[[File:שבע מצוות.jpeg|thumb|The cover of the Kfar Chabad weekly from 28 Nissan 5749 - "World leaders join Reagan's initiative regarding the Seven Noahide Laws"]]
The Rebbe saw influencing the nations of the world to observe the Seven Mitzvos as part of the preparation process for the Geulah (Redemption), when all of humanity will fulfill the mitzvos incumbent upon them, and the beginning of his function as Melech HaMoshiach in tikun olam (rectifying the world).


====Education Day in the United States====
Following his initiative and his Chassidim's activities on the matter, the United States Congress declared the importance of the Seven Noahide Laws as the foundation of modern social morality.


In 5738 (1977–1978), the United States Congress voted to designate [[11 Nissan]] — the Rebbe's birthday — as "Education Day, U.S.A." — a day on which special efforts and resources would be devoted to improving education at all levels across the country. In the language of the legislation submitted for ratification by President Jimmy Carter, the Seven Laws of Noah are cited as a model for the moral principles upon which human civilization is founded.
==== Education in the American Congress ====
''Extended article - [[Education Day USA]]''
[[File:בוטמן בסנאט.jpg|thumb|The Governor and legislators during the declaration of Education Days]]
In the year 5738 (1978), the United States Congress decided to declare the 11th of Nissan, the Rebbe's birthday, as "Education and Sharing Day," during which efforts and resources would be increased to improve education in all educational institutions for all ages throughout the United States. In the text of the proposal submitted by Congress for ratification by then-President Jimmy Carter, the seven Noahide laws are mentioned as a model for the moral principles upon which human civilization rests. Since this legislation, the United States' "Education and Sharing Day" has been proclaimed each year by the sitting President on the day corresponding to the Hebrew date of 11 Nissan, the Rebbe's birthday. The Rebbe expressed his gratitude for the decision of Congress and explained in a farbrengen the significance of establishing this day as "Education Day":<blockquote>The government declared a certain day (11 Nissan) as "Education Day" throughout the United States. Everything must have a source in Torah. And seemingly - where is the source for this matter, to connect an essential and important matter with a special day of the year? Especially the matter of education, which is an ongoing and constant matter at every moment.


Since the legislation was enacted, "Education Day, U.S.A." has been proclaimed annually by the sitting President of the United States on the date corresponding to 11 Nissan in the Hebrew calendar. The Rebbe expressed his gratitude for the congressional decision and at a gathering on [[11 Nissan]] 5738 (April 18, 1978) explained its deeper significance:
The answer to this is: The obligation to accept the yoke of Heaven is constant at every moment, and nevertheless a special day of the year was established for this - Rosh Hashanah; we are obligated to mention the Exodus from Egypt every day, during the day and at night, and together with this a special day of the year was established, the holiday of Pesach, as the "time of our freedom"; the obligation to study Torah is at every free moment, and nevertheless they established a special day of the year, the holiday of Shavuot, as a day of renewed awakening regarding everything connected to receiving the Torah and studying it.


{{quote|The government proclaimed a specific day — the 11th of Nissan — as "Education Day" throughout the United States. Everything must have its source in Torah. And at first glance: where is the source for connecting a major and important matter with a specific day of the year? Especially a matter like education, which is ongoing and constant at every single moment.
And here, in this matter we see how the world is getting closer to the coming of Moshiach. For in the future, the promise will be fulfilled "Then I will transform the peoples to a clear language... to serve Him with one consent," one of the aspects of this being that a mighty kingdom, a "superpower," which has influence throughout the entire world, has publicly declared for all to see the greatness of the importance and vitality of the matter of education.  


The answer is: the obligation to accept the yoke of Heaven is constant at every moment — and yet a special day is designated for it each year, namely Rosh Hashanah; we are required to remember the Exodus from Egypt every day, day and night — and yet a special day is designated for it, Passover, "the season of our freedom"; the obligation of Torah study applies at every free moment — and yet a special day is designated for it each year, Shavuos, the time of the giving of the Torah.
— From the talk of 11 Nissan 5738 - notes of the listeners</blockquote>Additionally, in New York State, numerous "Education Days" are proclaimed each year before the 11th of Nissan, corresponding to the number of years of the Rebbe's life. The declaration is delivered by the Governor of New York State, the two legislative houses, the Assembly and the Senate, in a special ceremony conducted by Rabbi Shmuel Butman.


And here we see how the world is moving toward the coming of Mashiach — for the prophetic vision states, "Then I will turn to the peoples a pure tongue... to serve Him with one accord." One expression of this is that a great power, a superpower with global influence, has publicly proclaimed before all the world the supreme importance and necessity of education.|Talk of 11 Nissan 5738 — as recorded by listeners}}
==== A Moment of Silence ====
''Extended article - [[A Moment of Silence|Moment of Silence]]''


In the State of New York, a number of "Education Days" are proclaimed each year in the period approaching 11 Nissan, corresponding to the Rebbe's age in years. The proclamation is issued jointly by the Governor of New York, the State Assembly, and the State Senate, at a ceremony organized by Rabbi Shmuel Butman.{{ref|18}}
In 5743 (1983), the Rebbe called for implementing a 'Moment of Silence' in schools worldwide at the beginning of the day, during which students would contemplate for 60 seconds about the Creator of the world, in light of the fact that without recognition of the Creator, there is no guarantee for preserving the fundamental laws that protect human society.


====The Moment of Silence====
His call met with opposition in the [[The United States|United States,]] where it was claimed that it contradicted the principle of separation of church and state enshrined in the U.S. Constitution. The Rebbe explained that the principle of separation of church and state was established to allow religious freedom, and this principle requires allowing parents to educate their children about belief in Hashem even in public schools. The Rebbe further emphasized that the school should not interfere with the content of the child's contemplation, and therefore his proposal does not contradict the separation of church and state.


In 5743 (1982–1983), the Rebbe called for the introduction of a daily "[[Moment of Silence]]" in schools throughout the world — sixty seconds of quiet reflection at the start of each school day — on the basis that without acknowledgment of a Creator, there is no firm guarantee for the basic moral principles that sustain human society.{{ref|19}}
Following the Rebbe's call, President Ronald Reagan signed a proclamation to implement the 'Moment of Silence' in schools across the United States.


The proposal met with opposition in the United States, where critics argued that it conflicted with the constitutional principle of separation of church and state. The Rebbe responded that this principle was established precisely to guarantee freedom of religion, and that this freedom requires allowing parents to raise their children with a belief in God even within the public school framework. He further emphasized that the school would have no involvement in the content of each child's personal reflection, and therefore there was no conflict with the separation principle.
==== Activities by Year ====
* 5710 (1950): Establishment of the emissary project in Morocco. Sent first emissaries to Morocco: Rabbi Michael Lipsker and Rabbi Shlomo Matusof.
* 5711 (1951): The Rebbe accepts leadership. Sends Rabbi Tzvi Hirsch Chitrik to Brazil.
* 5712: Established "Tzeirei Agudas Chabad" and "N'shei U'Bnos Chabad"
* 5714: First launched the Arbah Minim campaign and Matzah campaign
* 5718: During the 12 Tammuz gathering, the Rebbe called for action in the manner of "Ufaratzta" (spreading forth)
* 5724: Began activities for Russian Jewry
* 5729: Founded Nachalat Har Chabad neighborhood in Kiryat Malachi for immigrants
* 5727: On [[Lag BaOmer]], shortly before the Six-Day War, established the Tefillin campaign
* 5739: Strongly opposed the Camp David Accords regarding giving up the Sinai Peninsula
* 5730: Launched campaign regarding the "Who is a Jew" law
* 5740: Established worldwide Lag BaOmer parades
* 5741: Established Tzivos Hashem organization
* 5751: Delivered talk demanding Chassidim "do all you can" to bring Moshiach


Following the Rebbe's call, President Ronald Reagan signed a statement encouraging the adoption of the Moment of Silence in American schools.
== His Torah and and Teachings ==


==His Torah Teachings==
==== His Seforim ====
''Extended articles - The Rebbe's Seforim, The Rebbe's Learning Method''


===His Published Works===
Hundreds of seforim document the Rebbe's teachings, some based on the divrei Torah he spoke for hours during his public appearances on Shabbos, Yomim Tovim, and special occasions, and others are collections from his letters on various topics. Most of the Rebbe's words were documented and written by the 'chozrim' - a group of Chassidim with exceptional memory, who would transcribe the Rebbe's words. These sichos were printed in the Sichos Kodesh series and later translated to Hebrew in the Divrei Moshiach and Toras Menachem - Hisvaaduyos series.
[[File:ליקוטי שיחותPictureFileName.jpg|thumb|Likutei Sichos on the Order of the Parshiyos]]
Many sichos were edited and reviewed by the Rebbe and printed in Likkutei Sichos (comprising about 40 volumes) and in Sefer HaSichos (comprising about 12 volumes). These sichos contain the Rebbe's Torah chiddushim in various areas - in Chassidus, Kabbalah, Gemara, and even in the simple meaning of Rashi's commentary on the Torah, as they are explained through pshat, drush, remez, and sod, and as was the Rebbe's custom to connect things to the time they were said. Many of the sichos also dealt with instructions for Chassidim and explained his perspectives on world events.
[[File:הרבי באמירת מאמר.jpg|thumb|The Rebbe During the Recitation of a Maamar]]
The Rebbe's maamarim (Chassidic discourses) were printed in Sefer HaMaamarim arranged by parsha, and some were edited by the Rebbe and printed in [[Sefer HaMaamarim - Melukot|Sefer HaMaamarim - Melukat]]. Some of his letters containing instructions, advice, and brachos were printed in the Igros Kodesh series.


[[File:ליקוטי שיחותPictureFileName.jpg|thumb|''Likkutei Sichos'' — the Rebbe's collected and edited talks, arranged according to the weekly Torah portions]]
==== Torah and Science ====
The Rebbe supported the view that science does not contradict religion, arguing that science's role is merely to hypothesize, and therefore should not be considered against the certainties of Torah. The Rebbe even expressed displeasure with observant scientists who tried to hide Torah views in the face of "scientific hypotheses."


Hundreds of volumes document the Rebbe's Torah teachings. Many are based on the lengthy talks he delivered before large audiences on Shabbos, Jewish holidays, and special occasions; others are compiled from his vast correspondence on a wide range of topics.
In a private audience with one professor, the Rebbe used as an example the discussion regarding the position of the sun relative to Earth, noting that while 150 years ago most scientists were certain their revolutionary view was "scientific fact," Einstein's Theory of Relativity proved otherwise, and in such matters we have no way to know what truly revolves around what.


Most of the Rebbe's spoken words were recorded by a group of Chassidim known as ''chozerim'' — individuals with exceptional memories who would transcribe his talks from memory immediately after each gathering. These transcriptions were published in the ''Sichos Kodesh'' series and later translated into Hebrew in the ''Toras Menachem: Hisvaduyos'' series. Many talks were subsequently edited and reviewed by the Rebbe himself, and published in the ''[[Likkutei Sichos]]'' series (approximately 40 volumes) and the ''[[Sefer HaSichos]]'' series (approximately 12 volumes). These works contain the Rebbe's Torah insights across a sweeping range of subjects — Chassidic philosophy, Kabbalah, Talmudic analysis, and even the plain meaning of [[Rashi]]'s commentary on the Torah — all interwoven with the Rebbe's characteristic method of connecting the Torah discussion to the time and occasion of its delivery. Many talks also included guidance to Chassidim, as well as the Rebbe's perspective on events unfolding in the broader world.
The Rebbe also believed that since "everything that God created in His world, He created only for His glory," all scientific discoveries that have been innovated and revealed in recent years are intended to add to God's glory through their utilization for Torah and holiness. Over the years, the Rebbe was careful to harness technology for holiness, encouraged Tanya classes on radio, and even broadcast his gatherings live several times.


The Rebbe's formal Chassidic discourses (''maamarim'') were published in the ''Sefer HaMaamarim: Parshiyos'' series; a selection edited by the Rebbe himself appears in ''Sefer HaMaamarim: Melukat''. A selection of his letters — containing guidance, advice, and blessings — was published in the ''Igros Kodesh'' series.
==== Hafatzat HaMayanot (Spreading the Wellsprings) ====
Extended entry – '''Spreading the Wellsprings Outward'''


===Spreading the Wellsprings of Chassidus===
The Rebbe transformed the concept of Hafatzat HaMayanot into the work of the seventh generation, and even expressed several times that this is the most general matter in our generation, and the special mitzvah in which the people of our generation need to be 'especially careful'. For this purpose, the Rebbe established the Shluchim (emissaries) project and Chabad Houses, which brought Chassidic teachings to every place.


The Rebbe elevated the concept of "spreading the wellsprings" of Chassidic teaching outward into the world — a phrase rooted in the founding vision of Chabad — into the defining spiritual mission of the seventh generation. He expressed on multiple occasions that this was the most all-encompassing obligation of the present age, and the mitzvah upon which people of this generation must be especially vigilant.{{ref|20}} To this end, he established the emissary network and the worldwide Chabad House movement, which brought Chassidic teaching to every corner of the globe.
The Rebbe expressed that spreading the wellsprings takes precedence over spreading Judaism, since it is in the category of "a mitzvah that cannot be performed by others," and particularly because generally, spreading the wellsprings naturally leads to changes in the world of those who study it, also in matters of observing Torah and mitzvot.


The Rebbe taught that spreading Chassidic teaching takes precedence over general Jewish outreach, because it is a mission "that cannot be accomplished by others" — and because, in most cases, engagement with Chassidic teachings naturally leads, in its own way, to a deeper commitment to Torah observance as well.{{ref|21}}
In recent years, the Rebbe announced that the work of spreading the wellsprings has been completed, and there is no longer anything delaying the coming of the Redemption, and we only need to prepare the people of the generation and the world to receive Moshiach.


In the final years of his public leadership, the Rebbe announced that the work of spreading the wellsprings had been completed, that there was no longer any obstacle to the coming of the redemption, and that the task now was to prepare the people and the world to receive Mashiach.{{ref|22}}
==== Study of Secular Knowledge ====
Extended entry – '''Secular Knowledge'''


===Torah and Science===
The Rebbe studied foreign languages in his childhood during times when he stayed in places where Torah study was forbidden. In his youth, he studied additional general subjects for matriculation exams, during times that did not detract at all from his extensive holy studies. After his marriage, he studied academic subjects under the instruction of his father-in-law, the Rebbe Rayatz. The Rebbe focused mainly on studying natural sciences, and it is known that he received degrees in engineering and physics. The Rebbe used the knowledge he acquired at university to prove his halachic opinion regarding halachic-technological questions.


The Rebbe held that science and Torah are not in conflict. He maintained that science deals exclusively in hypotheses and approximations — and that such approximations cannot be weighed against the certainties of Torah.{{ref|23}} He was critical of Torah-observant scientists who felt compelled to conceal or minimize the Torah's perspective in deference to prevailing scientific theories.{{ref|24}} In private audiences with professors and scholars, he cited the Copernican controversy as an example: what generations of scientists once regarded as established fact was overturned by Einstein's theory of relativity — demonstrating that in such matters we simply cannot know with certainty what moves around what.
However, many times the Rebbe firmly expressed his view opposing study in college, for several reasons: a. The atmosphere in these studies is permeated with denial of G-d and His providence. b. Academic studies incorporate subjects that are in the category of idol worship. c. The atmosphere on campuses is one of complete immodesty and contrary to [[Tznius|tzniut]].


The Rebbe also believed that all scientific discoveries serve the ultimate purpose for which the world was created — to enhance the glory of God — and that their proper use is in the service of Torah and holiness.{{ref|25}} Throughout his life, the Rebbe made a point of harnessing technology for sacred purposes, encouraging Torah classes to be broadcast by radio, and transmitting several of his own gatherings live via satellite.{{ref|26}}
In a letter to a young man who served as a shliach and wanted to study in college, the Rebbe elaborated on the severity of the matter, particularly as the Rebbe's emissary, that when he goes to study in college, he takes the Rebbe there with him<ref>Igros Kodesh of the Rebbe Shlita, Part 3, Letter 59. Part 4, Letter 59.</ref>.


===His Views on the Land and State of Israel===
==== Relationship to the State and Land of Israel ====
Extended entries – '''State of Israel • Land Integrity • Requests for the Rebbe to come to Israel and the Responses'''


Like the previous Chabad Rebbes before him, the Rebbe was opposed to political Zionism as an ideology. At the same time, he recognized the State of Israel as a miraculous deliverance in practice, and engaged deeply with the life of the state — meeting with government ministers, military commanders, and defense officials.{{ref|27}}
The Rebbe, like previous Chabad Rebbes (the Rebbe Rashab and the Rebbe Rayatz), opposed the Zionist idea, yet they viewed the State of Israel as a "miracle of salvation", though he recognized it "de facto" (in practice) and not "de jure" (in principle)<ref>Rabbi Tuvia Blau, Pardes Chabad, Issue 11 (Summer 5763/2003), p. 189; Leket U'Prat, Part 2, 5777/2017, p. 138. This definition is also presented by Rabbi Uriel Zimmer, in the booklet "Judaism, Torah and the State" Chapter 17 which was seen by the Rebbe, in the name of Dr. Yitzchak Breuer, one of the thinkers of Agudas Yisrael.</ref>.
[[File:נתניהו.jpg|thumb|The ninth Prime Minister of the State of Israel, Mr. Benjamin Netanyahu, converses with the Rebbe on Rosh Chodesh, 1 Kislev 5752–1991. The Rebbe encourages him to hasten and bring closer the coming of Moshiach.]]
The Rebbe also showed active involvement in the life of the state, and met with state leaders, IDF officers, and heads of the Israeli security system. He firmly opposed giving territories to Arabs, and presented the opinion of military experts that giving away territories could lead to danger to life. The Rebbe based his opposition on the Shulchan Aruch and repeated the halacha that non-Jews who approached Jewish towns near the border, even if they only want to come for the purpose of gathering straw and hay, we desecrate Shabbat for them, lest they capture the city and from there the land would be easy to conquer.


The Rebbe was firmly and consistently opposed to any territorial concessions to Israel's enemies, citing the rulings of the [[Shulchan Aruch]] (the standard code of Jewish law){{ref|28}} that when hostile forces approach border towns, Jewish law requires an immediate military response even on Shabbos — because allowing even a foothold can endanger the entire land.{{ref|29}} He presented this position as a matter of Jewish law protecting human life, citing the assessments of military experts as well.
Nevertheless, the Rebbe never went to Israel. When asked about this, he gave several answers, including that he wanted to be close to the resting place of his father-in-law, the Rebbe Rayatz. In a public talk in 5719 (1959), the Rebbe explained this by saying: "There are those who ask why I myself do not travel to settle there. Well, this is a matter that does not depend on me, and meanwhile I cannot do this, but this has no relevance to everyone else, except for me. I don't know if they imagine what is holding me back, and if it matters whether they know or not, but in any case, that is not what we are discussing now."


The Rebbe himself never traveled to the Land of Israel. When asked about this, he gave various responses over the years; among them, that he wished to remain close to the gravesite of his father-in-law, the Previous Rebbe,{{ref|30}} and that the matter was not within his ability to resolve at that time.{{ref|31}}
To those who suggested that he fly and even said they were willing to pay for the ticket, he said he could not.


==The Rebbe as Mashiach==
== The Rebbe and Moshiach ==
The Rebbe imparted to his Shluchim and to each person with whom he came in contact, a spirit of freedom that would enable them to dedicate their lives to the care of others.


{{main|The Lubavitcher Rebbe as Mashiach}}
This freedom is expressed through total immersion in the wellbeing of his or her particular sphere of influence: family, neighborhood, and so forth. For the individual ''Shliach'', this freedom is, for the most part, expressed through concern for a particular country, state, city, institution, or program.


The Rebbe is identified by his Chassidim — and by a number of rabbinical authorities from other communities — as the Mashiach who will bring the ultimate redemption to the Jewish people. This identification was published in formal rabbinical rulings based on Halachic reasoning and on the Rebbe's own statements and conduct, in which he hinted to his Chassidim that he was the Mashiach and encouraged them to publicize this in various ways.
However, the Rebbe’s ultimate concern was the entire world – the entirety of the Jewish people and all of humankind.


In 5751 (1990–1991), the Rebbe announced the beginning of the revelation of Mashiach,{{ref|32}} and subsequently declared that the leader of the generation had received a Divine mission to be revealed as Mashiach.{{ref|33}} During this period, public expression of the belief in the Rebbe as Mashiach took shape at numerous occasions, and the Rebbe actively encouraged his followers' singing of the proclamation ''Yechi Adoneinu'' ("Long live our master, teacher, and Rebbe, King Mashiach forever").
Only a great soul, free of personal constraints, can truly care about the ultimate fulfillment of creation, the destiny of the world, and global wellbeing.


This belief intensified through 5753–5754 (1992–1994). During those years, the Rebbe also for the first time gave his approval to the global publication of his identity as Mashiach, authorizing Rabbi Yitzchak Springer to place full-page advertisements in the ''New York Times'' bearing his photograph under the headline "Long live the King Mashiach." A landmark public event was the worldwide ''Maamad Kabbalas HaMalchus'' — the coronation gathering — broadcast live on major television networks on [[10 Shevat]] 5753 (February 2, 1993), at which the Rebbe again encouraged the Yechi proclamation.{{ref|34}}
This was truly the Rebbe’s ultimate desire: to see the world perfected, to see the fruition of Creation’s very purpose – that the world become an abode for the Divine. Hence, the Rebbe’s overarching desire for the coming of Moshiach and the era of redemption.


Based on the Rebbe's own teachings,{{ref|35}} his followers believe that even following the 3rd of Tammuz 5754, the Rebbe continues to lead and guide the generation as before, and lives in an eternal physical life. In keeping with this, the practice of writing to the Rebbe continues, with individuals receiving guidance through the ''Igros Kodesh'' — the Rebbe's published letters, opened at random as a spiritual response.
In his own words, the Rebbe described himself “obsessed” with Moshiach.


==Melodies the Rebbe Taught==
The Rebbe yearned for Moshiach not only because it would bring an end to the world’s pain and suffering, but moreover, because the era of Moshiach is the ultimate destiny of the world and the purpose for which it was created.


{{main|Melodies Taught by the Rebbe}}
As one who was able to see things from a broader and higher perspective, the Rebbe saw all of Jewish history– from our sojourn in the desert through the saga of our exiles up until the present day – as a continuous path leading inexorably toward the ultimate goal of Creation.


In the early years of his leadership, the Rebbe taught a series of melodies — some ancient Chassidic melodies that had been forgotten, others that he composed himself. The time for learning these melodies was typically late at night at the [[Simchas Torah]] gathering, after the festive dancing with the Torah scrolls.
So, too, the Rebbe saw every positive action of each individual as a redemptive act in its own right, and a step on the road to global Redemption. For each ''mitzvah'' and each word of Torah contains G‑d’s infinite energy – wherein lies the secret of another advancement toward the ultimate goal of perfecting this world as a place where Hashem “feels at home.”


# '''[[Darkecha Elokeinu]]''' (''Your ways, O our God'') — taught on the night of Simchas Torah 5716 (1955), based on a passage from the Yom Kippur evening prayers.
== His Niggunim ==
# '''[[Asader LiSe'udasa]]''' (''I shall prepare for the feast'') — taught at the gathering of [[14 Tammuz]] 5716 (1956), based on the Shabbos hymn of Rabbi Yitzchak Luria (the ''Ari'').
In the early years of his leadership, the Rebbe taught melodies, some of which were known and forgotten, and some he composed himself. Usually, the time for teaching melodies was during the Simchat Torah gathering held before dawn, after the Hakafot.
# '''[[Tzama Lecha Nafshi]]''' (''My soul thirsts for You'') — an ancient melody from the time of the early Chassidim, taught on the night of Simchas Torah 5718 (1957), based on a verse from Psalms (63:2) and a Russian text directed at the animating impulse toward the material, expressing that it avails nothing and only causes harm.
[[File:התנועות של הרבי.jpg|thumb|Cover of the Disc "HaTnuos Shel HaRebbe" (The Movements of the Rebbe)]]
# '''[[Ata Vechartanu]]''' (''You have chosen us'') — taught on the night of Simchas Torah 5721 (1960), based on the holiday prayer text beginning ''Ata Vechartanu''.
Among the notable melodies:
# '''[[An'im Zemiros]]''' (''I will sing sweet songs'') — a longing melody taught on Simchas Torah 5722 (1961), based on the beloved liturgical poem ''Shir HaKavod'', sung in Ashkenazic synagogues.
# '''[[Hu Elokeinu]]''' (''He is our God'') — a melody once sung by the cantor in Lubavitch before the Rebbe Rashab and the Previous Rebbe; apparently forgotten over the years, the Rebbe taught it on the night of Simchas Torah 5724 (1963). Today it is sung during the cantor's repetition of the Mussaf prayer on Shabbos and Jewish holidays.
# '''[[V'Hi She'amda]]''' (''And this is what has sustained'') — taught at the gathering of the second night of Passover 5715 (1955), based on the Haggadah passage recited at the Passover Seder.
# '''[[Ki Anu Amecha (I)]]''' (''For we are Your people'') — taught on Simchas Torah 5717 (1956), based on a passage from the Yom Kippur liturgy.
# '''[[Ki Anu Amecha (II)]]''' — a second melody on the same text, taught on Simchas Torah 5724 (1963). The Rebbe explained that this was a melody of repentance and yearning for constant spiritual ascent, which he had heard from one of the elder Chassidim.
# '''[[Stav Ya Pitoo]]''' — a simple Russian folk melody, taught on Simchas Torah 5723 (1962), about knowing how to celebrate "L'chaim" and channeling it toward constructive purpose.
# '''[[Rachmana D'Ani]]''' (''Merciful One who answers the poor'') — a melody from the city of Nikolaev, composed by the Rebbe's maternal grandfather, Rabbi Meir Shlomo Yanovsky. Taught on Simchas Torah 5720 (1959), based on a passage from the penitential prayers recited before the High Holidays.
# '''[[Tzama Lecha Nafshi (Alter Rebbe)]]''' — a melody attributed to the [[Alter Rebbe]], the founder of Chabad, which the Rebbe taught at the [[Shabbos Mevorchim]] gathering of the month of Iyar 5714 (1954). Based on Psalms 63:2–3.
# '''[[Shamil]]''' — a Russian melody that the Rebbe taught on Simchas Torah 5719 (1958), telling the story of a great Caucasian leader captured in war who hopes one day to be freed. The Rebbe explained it as a parable for the soul dwelling within the body, awaiting its ultimate liberation.
# '''[[HaAderes VeHaEmuna]]''' (''Majesty and faithfulness'') — taught to the tune of ''La Marseillaise'' (the French national anthem), during the fourth circuit of the Torah scrolls on the night of Simchas Torah 5734 (1973), based on the liturgical poem ''HaAderes VeHaEmuna''.


==His Personal Staff==
* [[Darkecha Elokeinu]] (5716)
* [[Asader L'Seudasa]] (5716)
* [[Tzama Lecha Nafshi]] (5718)
* [[Ata Bechartanu]] (5721)
* [[Anim Zemiros]] (5722)
* [[Hu Elokeinu]] (5724)
* [[V'hi She'amda]] (5715)
* [[Ki Anu Amecha]] (two versions, 5717 and 5724)
* [[Stav Ya Pitu]] (5723)
* [[Rachamana D'anei]] (5720)
* [[Shamil]] (5719)
* [[Ha'aderes V'ha'emuna]] (5734)


* Rabbi [[Yehuda Leib Groner]] — the Rebbe's personal secretary; member of the editorial board of [[Otzar HaChassidim]] and of the administration of [[Kupas Rabbeinu]].
== Further Reading ==
* Rabbi [[Moshe Halevi Klein]] — a well-known scribe and circumcision specialist (''mohel''), and director of the HaSofer scribal center in [[Crown Heights]], Brooklyn; had the privilege of serving the Rebbe personally from 5752 to 5754 (1991–1994).
* Rabbi [[Shalom Ber Gansbourg]] — served as the Rebbe's personal attendant.


==See Also==
====== Biography ======


* [[The Rebbe's Activities in Chronological Order]]
* R' Mordechai Menashe Laufer, "Yemei Melech", Kfar Chabad 1991
* [[The Previous Rebbe (Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn)]]
* Prof. Yirmiyahu Branover, "Prophet From Your Midst, Biography of Reb Schneerson", Merkaz Hafotzah Mamash, 2007
* [[Chabad-Lubavitch]]
* R' Elkana Shmotkin and R' Boruch Oberlander "Early Years", comprehensive biography of the Rebbe's first years - 1902-1929
* [[The Ten Campaigns]]
* R' Eliezer Yehoshua Zelikovsky and R' Yosef Yitzchak Greenberg, "Days of Beginning", diary, documents, research and photos from the Rebbe's first year of leadership - Tishrei 1950 until Adar 1951, Kehot Publication, New York, 1992
* Dr. Yechiel Harari, "The Rebbe's Secret", Yediot Books, 2013
* Joseph Telushkin "Rebbe: The life and teachings of Menachem M. Schneerson, the most influential Rabbi in Modern History" (2014)


==Further Reading==
==== Miscellaneous ====
* Exit from Russia (book), Gate of Wanderings, accepting leadership in Pocking, Rebbe's Igros Kodesh to Pocking
* R' Chesed Halberstam discusses his years as meshares bakodesh for the Rebbe and Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka - Beis Moshiach Weekly issue 470
* R' Mordechai Menashe Laufer, "Mishivchei Rebbe, Things Said About Reb Schneerson", author's publication and Chabad House Ashdod, 2000
* R' Shneur Zalman Hertzel, "Marriages of the Nesi'im" - description of our Rebbeim's weddings
* Yosef Ashkenazi, "In Holy Quarters", memoirs of meshares bakodesh R' Sholom Ber Gansburg
* "Depth of Chassid-Rebbe", overview of Rebbe-Chassid connection. Beis Moshiach Weekly supplement, 11 Nissan 2012
* "Toraso Emes", overview of Rebbe's teachings, Simchas Torah 2013
* "Forty Years to Prophecy", forty years since Rebbe's prophecy about Yom Kippur War. Beis Moshiach Weekly supplement, published before Yom Kippur 2014
* "The Besorah" of the Rebbe regarding Moshiach and Geulah - unique supplement collecting general press coverage about Rebbe's Geulah message, Beis Moshiach Weekly supplement, 3 Tammuz 2014
* "In Response to Your Letter", overview of Rebbe's letters, answers and responses, Beis Moshiach Weekly supplement, 3 Tammuz 2017
* "Daled Amos" of the Rebbe - philosophical supplement about nature of traveling to and staying by Rebbe today, Beis Moshiach Weekly supplement, Tishrei 2018
* "We Are Commanded to Tell" Rebbe stories - 120 stories about the Rebbe, Beis Moshiach Weekly supplement, Pesach 2022
* "Jewish Art in the Seventh Generation" - Rebbe's connections with artists, mostly painters - Pesach supplement 2023, editor: Menachem Ziegelboim. Chronicles Rebbe's connections with popular artists: R' Hendel Lieberman, Jacques Lipchitz, Michel Schwartz, R' Baruch Nachshon, R' Yaakov Agam, R' Zalman Kleinman, R' Michael Muchnik, Raphael Nouril, R' Chaim Sherrf, Dr. Ben Tzion Bar Ami, R' Eliezer Tiffenbrun, R' Yossi Rosenstein
* Tami Holtzman, "Rebbe and Chassidim Through the Camera Lens", Beis Moshiach Weekly, issue 1315 pages 20-26 (2023)
== External Links ==


;Biography
==== General ====
* Rabbi Zalman Ruderman, '''Chad BeDara''' (''A Singular Figure of the Generation'')
* Rabbi Mordechai Menashe Laufer, '''[[Yemei Melech]]''', Kfar Chabad, 5751 (1991)
* Prof. Yirmiyahu Branover, '''Navi MiKirbecha: The Biography of the Lubavitcher Rebbe''', Memas Distribution, 5767 (2006–2007)
* Rabbi Elkanah Shmotkin and Rabbi Boruch Oberlander, '''[[Shanim Rishonos]]''' (''The Early Years''), a comprehensive biography of the Rebbe's early life from 5662 to 5689 (1902–1929)
* Rabbi Eliezer Zaklikovsky and Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Greenberg, '''[[Yemei Bereishis]]''' (''Days of Beginning''), a diary, documents, research, and photographs covering the first year of the Rebbe's leadership from Tishrei 5710 to Adar 5711 (autumn 1949 to early 1951), Kehot, New York, 5752 (1991–1992)
* Dr. Yechiel Harari, '''Sodo Shel HaRebbe''' (''The Rebbe's Secret''), Yediot Sfarim, 5773 (2012–2013)
* Joseph Telushkin, '''Rebbe: The Life and Teachings of Menachem M. Schneerson, the Most Influential Rabbi in Modern History''', 5774 (2013–2014)


;Photo Albums
* https://www.rebbedrive.com/ -Rebbe Drive
* Rabbi Tuvia Blau, '''The Lubavitcher Rebbe''', Chabad Umbrella Organization, 5737 (1976–1977)
* [https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/default_cdo/jewish/The-Rebbe.htm The Lubavitcher Rebbe section] - Chabad.org
* Asaf Hanoch Frommer and Ohad Bar Sela, '''[[Mashiach: Images and Moments]]''', M.M.S. Publishing, 5769 (2008–2009)
* Avraham Hanoch Glitzenshtein, '''The Rebbe: Thirty Years of Leadership''', a collection of essays, Chabad Umbrella Organization, 5730 and 5732 (1969–1972)
* Zaklikovsky and Greenberg, '''[[Bineos Deshe]]''' (''In Verdant Pastures''), photographs and descriptions from the Rebbe's visits to Gan Yisroel and Machane Emunah summer camps, Kehot, 5753 (1992–1993)
* Zaklikovsky and Greenberg, '''Mikdash Yisroel''' (''The Sanctuary of Israel''), a large and elegant album containing photographs from wedding ceremonies conducted by the Rebbe and descriptions of those weddings, Kehot, New York, 5758 (1997–1998)
* Yosef Yitzchak Kaminetzky, '''Arei Yaldus''' (''Cities of Childhood''), an album on the cities of Nikolaev and Dnepropetrovsk where the Rebbe grew up, and on the activities of Chabad emissaries there today, 5753 (1992–1993)


;Research and Analysis
==== History ====
* Dr. Yitzchak Kraus, '''HaShevi'i: Meshichiyus BaDor HaShevi'i Shel Chabad''' (''The Seventh: Messianism in the Seventh Generation of Chabad''), Yediot Acharonot / Sifrei Chemd, Tel Aviv, 5767 (2006–2007)
* Rabbi Shalom Dovber Wolpe, '''Shemen Sason MeChaveirecha''' (''Oil of Gladness Above Your Fellows''), four volumes on the Rebbe's relationships with rabbis of the broader Orthodox world, Cholon, 5755–5770 (1994–2010)
* Simon Jacobson, '''Toward a Meaningful Life: The Wisdom of the Lubavitcher Rebbe''', Arieh Nir Moran, Tel Aviv, 5756 (1995–1996)


==External Links==
* [https://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/540590/jewish/Exhibit-Uncovers-New-Information-About-the-Rebbe.htm Librarian Rabbi Shalom DovBer Levin reveals new details related to the Rebbe's early years] - Chabad.org website
* [https://derher.org/wp-content/uploads/75-Kislev-5779-11.pdf Wedding Journal - Description of the Rebbe's conduct at his wedding] - from the diary of R' Eliyahu Chaim Althaus - A Chassidisher Derher
* [https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/62157/jewish/1941-Flight-from-Europe.htm#:~:text=On%20June%2014%2C%201940%2C%20the,see%20letter%20excerpted%20at%20right). 1941: A Flight from Europe] - Chabad.org
* [https://derher.org/wp-content/uploads/5784-7-8.pdf Poet Avraham Shlonsky and the Rebbe] - by Rabbi Mendel Jacobs - A Chassidisher Derher


;General
==== The Rebbe and Leaders of the Generation ====
* [https://www.rebbedrive.com RebbeDrive — a comprehensive archive of the Rebbe's teachings and photographs]
* [https://www.chabad.org/therebbe The Rebbe — Chabad.org]


;History
* [https://toratchabad.com/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99-%D7%95%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99-%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8 Letters of Appreciation to the Rebbe from Important Rabbis Around the World] -Hebrew Language Site
* [https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/57030 The Rebbe's Early Life — New Details Revealed by Librarian Rabbi Shalom Dovber Levin, COL]
* [https://jemcentral.org The Jewish Educational Media Archive — video and audio recordings of the Rebbe]


;Video
==== Video ====
* [https://www.chabad.org/multimedia/video_cdo/aid/87945 "The Rebbe Received the Letter of Allegiance and Wept" — testimony from 12 Shevat 5771 (January 17, 2011), Chabad.org]


==Notes==
* [https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/2608263/jewish/Videos.htm Collection of video clips of the Rebbe] - Chabad.org
* [https://www.torahcafe.com/browse-rebbe-videos-1-new.html Rebbe Video Library]- Jewish Learning Institute | Torahcafe.com |
* "[https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/livingtorah/player_cdo/aid/2823571/jewish/In-the-Beginning.htm The Rebbe Read the Petition and Burst into Tears"] - Events of the day the Rebbe accepted leadership." - Chabad.org | JEM Video - My Encounter


{{reflist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}


[[Category:The Rebbes of Chabad]]
[[Category:5662 births]]
[[he:מנחם מענדל שניאורסון]]
[[Category:The Rebbe]]
[[Category:Chabad Rebbes]]
[[he:רבי מנחם מענדל שניאורסון (כ"ק אדמו"ר שליט"א)]]

Revision as of 11:01, 29 May 2026

the Rebbe Shlita

Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson (in Yiddish: Schneersohn; known as the Lubavitcher Rebbe MH"M Shlita and in Chabad simply as the Rebbe) was born on 11 Nissan 5662 (1902[1]). He is a spiritual leader whose influence encompassed the entire world and particularly the Jewish people. Among his notable activities were the establishment of the Shlichus (emissary) enterprise and the Ten Mitzvah Campaigns he initiated, aiming to bring Judaism to every single Jew. His actions, words, and influence emphasized the anticipation of Moshiach and activities to hasten the Redemption.

Life History

Birth and Early Years

Chabad-Lubavitch
The Chasidic Founders
Baal Shem Tov • The Maggid
The Seven Rebbes of Chabad
Alter Rebbe • Mitteler Rebbe • Tzemach Tzedek • Rebbe Maharash • Rebbe Rashab • Rebbe Rayatz • The Rebbe
General Topics
Chassidus • Beis HaRav • Chasidim • Music • Mivtzoim • Geography
V – T


The Rebbe was born on Friday, 11 Nissan 5662 (April 18, 1902) in the Russian-Ukrainian town of Nikolayev, to Rabbi Levi Yitzchak[2] and Rebbetzin Chana Schneerson. His maternal grandfather was Rabbi Meir Shlomo Yanovsky, the Rabbi of Nikolayev.

The Bris Milah was held on 18 Nissan, Chol HaMoed Pesach, and the festive meal took place in the home of his grandfather, Rabbi Meir Shlomo Yanovsky, with many Jews from Nikolayev participating. During the celebration, his grandfathers and father delivered Torah discourses, with his father connecting the Bris celebration to his own birthday which fell on that day. The Rebbe was named "Menachem Mendel" after his great-grandfather, the Tzemach Tzedek.

After his father, Rabbi Levi Yitzchak, was appointed Chief Rabbi of Dnepropetrovsk (formerly Yekaterinoslav) in 1909, the family moved there.

The Rebbe Shlita in His Youth

From a very young age, the Rebbe became known for his diligence and extraordinary memory. His time was mostly dedicated to a comprehensive study of all parts of the Torah—both revealed and hidden. His main guide in learning was his father. The Rebbe described his childhood years as the time when his worldview took shape, which he later applied throughout his life, especially as a Rebbe. In a rare letter to Mr. Yitzchak Ben Zvi, he described his thoughts as a child:

“From the time I started going to 'cheder' and even before that, the image of the future redemption began to form in my imagination—the redemption of the Jewish people from their final exile — a redemption that will explain the suffering of the exile, the decrees, and the destructions.”

— Letter from 1956 to Mr. Yitzchak Ben Zvi

At the age of 18, in 1920, he was appointed to serve as a rabbi in one of the synagogues in the city.

In 1923, the Rebbe met the Rebbe Rayatz (Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn) for the first time. Shortly thereafter, he joined him in his public activities, fulfilling special roles in various fields and standing by the Rebbe Rayatz in his famous battle to preserve the sacred practices of Judaism and mitzvot in Soviet Russia. At that time, the Rebbe Rayatz referred to him as his "Minister of Education." In Sivan 1927, the Rebbe Rayatz was arrested, and the Rebbe played a central role in efforts to save him. After his release, the Rebbe Rayatz stayed in Malchovka, and only a few followers were permitted to visit him, including the Rebbe, who was invited to see him and spent long hours conversing with him daily.

In Tishrei 1928, he visited his parents in Dnipro. After Sukkot, his mother accompanied him to Leningrad. From there, he left Russia with the Rebbe Rayatz, who was set to become his father-in-law, and with his entire family. The Rebbe settled in Riga with the Rebbe Rayatz’s family. However, due to financial difficulties, their planned wedding was delayed, and it was decided he would move to another city. In Tevet of that year, he moved to Berlin, Germany.

Marriage

On the 10th of Kislev, 1928, the Rebbe became engaged to Chaya Mushka Schneerson, the daughter of the Rebbe Rayatz. The wedding took place in Riga. On Shabbat Parshat Vayetze, the 11th of Kislev, the “Shabbat Kallah” took place, and the Rebbe was called to the Torah in the Rebbe Rayatz’s minyan.

Two weeks after the engagement, on the 14th of Kislev 1929, the wedding celebration was held at the Tomchei Temimim Yeshiva in Warsaw. Rabbis and Rebbes from all over Poland attended the event.

Due to Soviet authorities not permitting the Rebbe's parents to leave Russia and attend the wedding, they held a simultaneous celebration in Russia to mark their son's wedding. Despite their absence, many friends and supporters attended, and the joy was immense.

The Rebbe remarked on his wedding day:

"The day that connected me to you, and you to me, so that together we will labor and bring about the true and complete redemption." — Translation from remarks made on the 14th of Kislev 1954.

After the wedding, the Rebbe and his wife lived for a short time in Riga. His father-in-law, the Rebbe Rayatz, instructed him to lead gatherings on Shabbat and special days, as well as directing him to handle matters of Jewish law, Kabbalah, and Chassidus, and special duties concerning the guidance of the Chassidim and community.

Berlin

On the 10th of Shvat, 1929, the Rebbe left Latvia and moved to Berlin, where he established his residence with his wife, Chaya Mushka. Following his father-in-law's instructions, the Rebbe began academic studies at the University of Berlin.

The Rebbe Shlita in Paris Around 1937

During his time in Berlin, he made several trips to visit the Rebbe Rayatz in Riga. He also visited the Rebbe Rayatz’s court in Tishrei 1930, when the Rebbe Rayatz traveled to the United States, where the Rebbe met with Chassidim.

In Nisan 1933, due to the worsening situation and growing anti-Semitism in Germany, the Rebbe and his wife left Berlin and immigrated to Paris. This occurred a few months after Hitler came to power.

Paris

In Paris, the Rebbe dedicated himself to Torah study with great diligence, without drawing attention to himself.

Simultaneously, by his father-in-law’s instructions, he studied at the Sorbonne University.

Additionally, the Rebbe worked with great dedication in matters of communal responsibility, following the Rebbe Rayatz’s guidance, who was then in Poland. He also managed the transmission of funds and contributions sent from the United States to his father-in-law’s court in Poland.

He compiled Chassidic teachings at that time, including:

During World War II

In the winter of 1939, Chabad in the United States, by the Rebbe Rayatz’s instructions, began lobbying with high-level officials to obtain entry visas for the Rebbe and his wife to the United States. The request was submitted at the American Consulate in Paris. However, due to the war, communication was difficult, and it was unclear whether the visa had been granted.

The Rebbe Shlita , after his arrival in the United States, with the Rebbe Rayatz, (5702/1942)

In 1940, just before Shavuot (after the Germans had already entered France and the Rebbe had not yet received the U.S. visa), the Rebbe and his wife left the city and traveled to southern France, an area not yet occupied by the Germans. On the evening of Shavuot, they arrived in the city of Vichy. In late summer 1940, they moved from Vichy to Nice, where they lived for eight to nine months until the summer of 1941. Meanwhile, efforts to secure visas continued. On the 20th of Nisan 1941, the visas were received in Marseille, and from there, the Rebbe and his wife made their way to Lisbon, Portugal.

On the 17th of Sivan, 1941, the Rebbe and his wife boarded the ship "S.S. Serpa Pinto" from Portugal to New York, where they arrived on the 28th of Sivan, 1941. A delegation of Chassidim sent by the Rebbe Rayatz welcomed them at the port.

In the United States

Upon his arrival in the United States, the Rebbe began assisting his father-in-law, the Rebbe Rayatz, in all of his activities, particularly his efforts to establish America as a center of Torah and Chassidus. In 1942, the Rebbe Rayatz appointed him as the chairman of the central Chabad institutions:

The Rebbe Shlita during his university studies

In 1943, the Rebbe was also appointed as the chief editor of Kehot's publications.

The Rebbe Shlita playing chess with the Rebbe Rayatz at the health resort town of Purkersdorf in the year (5697/1937)

During those years, the Rebbe also worked as a ship engineer in the U.S. Navy.

The ship 'Serpa Pinto' on which the Rebbe Shlita and the Rebbetzin sailed from Portugal to New York

Activities Toward Accepting Leadership

Extended article - The Rebbe's Acceptance of Leadership

After 10 Shevat 5710 (1950), when news spread of the passing of the Previous Rebbe (Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn), the Chassidim began discussing the need to appoint his son-in-law, the Rebbe (then known as "The RaMaSh"), as his successor.

The Rebbe Shlita at a farbrengen in the same place where he accepted the leadership, (5712/1952)

Extensive activity was undertaken by Chassidim worldwide to encourage the Rebbe to accept the leadership. The activity was led by prominent Chassidim across the globe:

In the United States:
In the Holy Land:
  • Rabbi Eliezer Karasik - Chairman of Agudas Chassidei Chabad in the Holy Land
  • Rabbi Moshe Gurary - Director of Agudas Chassidei Chabad
  • Rabbi Shmerel Gurary
  • Rabbi Avraham Paris
  • Rabbi Shlomo Yosef Zevin
  • Rabbi Avraham Chein
  • Rabbi Avraham Chaim Na'eh
In Europe:
  • Rabbi Nissan Nemenov - Director and Mashpia of Tomchei Tmimim in Brunoy
  • Rabbi Israel Noach Blinitzky
  • Rabbi Avraham Sender Nemtzov
  • Rabbi Saadia Liberow

These individuals enthusiastically supported the Rebbe's leadership and influenced Chabad Chassidim in the United States, Israel, and worldwide to accept his leadership. They also worked to ensure Chabad institutions would accept the Rebbe's leadership. However, some Chabad Chassidim, as well as Rebbetzin Nechama Dina (wife of the Previous Rebbe), supported the Previous Rebbe's elder son-in-law, Rabbi Shmaryahu Gurary (RaShaG), to lead the movement. After the Rebbe accepted leadership, RaShaG showed exceptional deference to the Rebbe.

In the months following the passing, many Chassidim from around the world wrote letters of connection and sent them to 770, but the Rebbe refused to accept the leadership. Over the following months, the pleas from the Chassidim increased while the Rebbe continued to refuse, though gradually he began taking on communal leadership responsibilities - writing general letters, giving instructions, receiving people for private audiences, and more. On the evening of 10 Shevat 5711, at a gathering marking the first anniversary of the Previous Rebbe's passing, the Rebbe delivered the discourse "Basi LeGani," thereby officially accepting leadership of Chabad Chassidism.

Leadership of Chabad Chassidism

His role as Rebbe

After the passing of the Previous Rebbe, he began energetically expanding the Torah and educational institutions established by the Previous Rebbe worldwide.

The Rebbe's first official photograph taken on 30 Shevat 5711 at a reception for R' Yehuda Leib Posner

Even before formally accepting leadership, the Rebbe sent the first emissaries to Morocco - Rabbi Michael Lipsker and Rabbi Shlomo Matusof. Following the Rebbe's instructions, his emissaries to Morocco established the Oholei Yosef Yitzchak Lubavitch (Morocco) network, including yeshivas, boys' schools, and girls' schools in Morocco, thereby providing thousands of Jewish youth with authentic Jewish education and saving them from spiritual assimilation. Simultaneously, under the Rebbe's guidance, smaller yeshivas and study houses were established in Morocco to train teachers, rabbis, ritual slaughterers, scribes, and other religious functionaries.

In the early years of his leadership, the Rebbe sent emissaries throughout the United States, Brazil, and elsewhere.

The Rebbe published general letters in which he encouraged all jews to strengthen themselves. These general letters were published by the Rebbe's emissaries in newspapers and other media to spread the messages to the Jewish people at large, reaching a record number of Jews. Many turned to the Rebbe seeking his advice and holy blessings. Masses of Chassidim and Jews of all types began flocking to his gatherings, eagerly absorbing his holy talks, which were also transcribed.

At the gathering of 10 Shevat 5711, and especially in the discourse "Basi LeGani," the Rebbe emphasized his purpose in the world - to bring about the redemption and revelation of Moshiach speedily.

The Rebbe Shlita

During the Purim gathering in 5711, held several weeks after accepting leadership, the Rebbe began speaking about himself and his leadership, stating "I am only a pipeline," "One must be connected to the Rebbe, I am only filling a position in one aspect." Among other things, he said: "After the passing of the Rebbe RaShaB, the Previous Rebbe once said that he doesn't say 'may his soul rest in Eden' about his father, because why say 'may his soul rest in Eden' when it's easier and better to say 'his soul is within me.' The same applies to the Rebbe – I don't say 'may his soul rest in Eden,' but rather 'his soul is within me'!"

Daily Schedule

Extended article - The Rebbe's Daily Schedule

For most of the day, the Rebbe's occupation revolved primarily around Torah study and responding to letters sent to him from around the world. Additionally, with increasing frequency over the years, the Rebbe would visit the resting place of his father-in-law, the Previous Rebbe. Furthermore, for decades the Rebbe dedicated time three times a week to receive people for private audiences in his personal room, where he would answer people's questions and guide them in divine service. In later years, due to the heavy burden, the Rebbe discontinued private audiences and began receiving the public in general audiences in his study hall. On 11 Nissan 5746, the Rebbe began distributing dollars for charity every Sunday. Many rabbis and public figures came to the Rebbe during the dollar distribution and private audiences to receive his blessing and advice.

Every Shabbat, a gathering was held with the Rebbe, where he would deliver talks dealing with both the revealed and mystical aspects of Torah, as well as current affairs. Starting in 5725, the Rebbe began analyzing one of Rashi's commentaries on the weekly Torah portion at every gathering. From late 5730, the Rebbe began studying one of his father's commentaries in Likkutei Levi Yitzchak at every gathering, and from 5744, the Rebbe began analyzing one of the daily Rambam lessons at every gathering.

His Work and Influence

Activities in the Jewish World

Extended article - The Ten Mivtzoyim

After ascending to the Nesius (leadership), the Rebbe began leading campaigns to publicize Jewish mitzvos and Chassidic teachings under the banner of "Ufaratzta" (And you shall spread forth), taken from the possuk "Ufaratzta yama vakeidma v'tzafona v'negba" [westward, eastward, northward and southward]. Within this framework, the Rebbe called upon his Chassidim to influence wherever possible, to fulfill mitzvos and study Torah, among other things, by going out to public places and meriting the public with these mitzvos. The Rebbe also called for financial assistance to those who couldn't afford tashmishei mitzvah (ritual items).

Later, he initiated public activities that he termed 'Mivtzoyim' (campaigns). Some of the Mivtzoyim are connected to Yom Tov observances and are seasonal, for example lighting Chanukah menoros in homes, stores and city centers, Lag BaOmer parades, helping Yidden shake lulav on Sukkos, distributing handmade shmurah matzah before Pesach, blowing shofar on Rosh Hashanah, arranging for those who don't attend shul to hear the Aseres HaDibros (Ten Commandments) on Shavuos, fulfilling the four mitzvos of Purim, and more.

The Rebbe frequently emphasized the great importance of performing practical mitzvos, even just once, and even when the mitzvah is done without understanding its deeper meaning.

Another project the Rebbe initiated, called 'The Ten Mivtzoyim', was a call for every Yid to fulfill ten mitzvos that he saw as central, and to influence other Yidden to fulfill them, which include:

Following his call, Chabad Chassidim set up tefillin stands in city streets offering passersby the opportunity to perform this mitzvah. N'shei uBnos Chabad (Chabad women and girls) are active in distributing Shabbos candles and explanatory pamphlets about the mitzvah to women and girls. Additionally, Chabad Houses offer mezuzah installation and checking services, and kitchen kashering for all who are interested.

In this period following his acceptance of the Nesius, the Rebbe established in Eretz HaKodesh:

He instituted structural and organizational changes with new general and specific horaos (directives) in Agudas Chassidei Chabad, positioning it as an umbrella organization for all Chabad mosdos in Eretz HaKodesh. This was alongside assistance to Colel Chabad which provided support to Chassidim in gashmius matters.

In the United States, the Rebbe established:

Simultaneously, he strengthened and developed the organizations he had managed until then:

In parallel, the Rebbe sent shluchim to various states across America, and to additional countries such as Australia, Brazil, and Morocco. In these locations, educational institutions and Chabad organizations were established, alongside activities to bring Yidden closer to Yiddishkeit and Chassidus, tailored to the conditions of each local Jewish community. In Morocco, the Oholei Yosef Yitzchak Lubavitch (Morocco) network of institutions was established.

Concurrently, the Rebbe worked extensively for Kfar Chabad both b'gashmius and b'ruchnius, from specific instructions in all areas of life, concern for expanding the mosdos, establishing enterprises and material welfare, to matters of tznius, chinuch, and activities for hafatzas hamaayanos.

The Shlichus Enterprise

Extended article - Chabad House

The Rebbe's shluchim in the traditional photograph (5773/2013)

The Rebbe's father-in-law, the Frierdiker (Previous) Rebbe, worked to bring Yidden closer to Torah and mitzvos, and sent shluchim to various countries. However, during his time the scope of activity was relatively limited, and the Rebbe expanded it on an enormous scale, until today the number of shluchim reaches about two thousand spread throughout the world.

The first shluchim were sent to Morocco in the early years of the Rebbe's nesius, including: Rabbi Michel Lipsker, Rabbi Shlomo Matusof, and Rabbi Nissan Pinson. Simultaneously, Rabbi Tzvi Hirsch Chitrik was sent as a shliach to Brazil, and many shluchim were sent throughout the United States.

Under the Rebbe's leadership, the concept of shlichus became a central requirement from Chabad Chassidim in particular, and from every Jew in general, to leave their place and dedicate themselves to spreading Yiddishkeit and Chassidus in places that needed it. As part of this requirement, the Rebbe established the shlichus enterprise, appointing his Chassidim as shluchim in every location and establishing Chabad Houses worldwide that provide both gashmius (material) and ruchnius (spiritual) assistance to every Jew. Over the years, the shlichus enterprise expanded, and today it encompasses almost every city and settlement in the world where Jews are found, numbering over 6,000 shluchim, including 1,700 shluchim in Eretz Yisroel.

The Daily Rambam Study Initiative

Extended article - Takonas Limud HaRambam - The Rambam Study Initiative

In 5744 (1984), the Rebbe initiated the daily Rambam study project, in which the Rambam's halachic works were divided into daily study portions. One of the takana's objectives was to encourage concise study of all areas of halacha in a clear and illuminating way, as they are formulated in the Rambam's seforim. There are three study tracks:

  • Three chapters per day, completing the entire Yad HaChazaka in one year
  • One chapter per day, completing the series once in three years
  • Study of Sefer HaMitzvos, completed once a year

At one farbrengen in 5744, which was actually a continuation of the Yud-Tes Kislev farbrengen that fell that year on Friday, the Rebbe mentioned and aroused that the time had come to arrange a division similar to the division of Shas in studying the Rambam's Mishneh Torah. The directive wasn't immediately implemented, but the talmidim hashluchim at the Chabad yeshiva in Casablanca, Morocco, where the Rambam had lived for several years, who learned this sicha, divided the entire Mishneh Torah among the Torah community in Morocco, to be learned between Yud Shevat (the day of accepting the nesius) and the Rebbe's birthday on Yud-Alef Nissan and the Rambam's birthday on Yud-Daled Nissan. The talmidim hashluchim themselves took "Hilchos Shluchin V'Shutfin" in connection with their role as the Rebbe's shluchim, and Reb Shlomo Matusof, the head shliach and yeshiva director, gave them a shiur in these halachos.

The Seven Noahide Laws

Extended article - The Seven Noahide Laws

Starting in the 1980s, the Rebbe called for action to instill the Sheva Mitzvos B'nei Noach (Seven Noahide Laws) to all of humanity, encouraging all people to observe them, based on the Rambam's ruling that there is an obligation on the Jewish people to ensure that the nations of the world fulfill the Seven Noahide Laws. In his view, the notable lack of engagement with this topic in previous generations stemmed from concern that such activity would be perceived as an attempt to interfere with the gentiles' religion, a concern that barely exists today, and therefore the Jewish obligation to transmit the Seven Mitzvos remains in full force.

The cover of the Kfar Chabad weekly from 28 Nissan 5749 - "World leaders join Reagan's initiative regarding the Seven Noahide Laws"

The Rebbe saw influencing the nations of the world to observe the Seven Mitzvos as part of the preparation process for the Geulah (Redemption), when all of humanity will fulfill the mitzvos incumbent upon them, and the beginning of his function as Melech HaMoshiach in tikun olam (rectifying the world).

Following his initiative and his Chassidim's activities on the matter, the United States Congress declared the importance of the Seven Noahide Laws as the foundation of modern social morality.

Education in the American Congress

Extended article - Education Day USA

The Governor and legislators during the declaration of Education Days

In the year 5738 (1978), the United States Congress decided to declare the 11th of Nissan, the Rebbe's birthday, as "Education and Sharing Day," during which efforts and resources would be increased to improve education in all educational institutions for all ages throughout the United States. In the text of the proposal submitted by Congress for ratification by then-President Jimmy Carter, the seven Noahide laws are mentioned as a model for the moral principles upon which human civilization rests. Since this legislation, the United States' "Education and Sharing Day" has been proclaimed each year by the sitting President on the day corresponding to the Hebrew date of 11 Nissan, the Rebbe's birthday. The Rebbe expressed his gratitude for the decision of Congress and explained in a farbrengen the significance of establishing this day as "Education Day":

The government declared a certain day (11 Nissan) as "Education Day" throughout the United States. Everything must have a source in Torah. And seemingly - where is the source for this matter, to connect an essential and important matter with a special day of the year? Especially the matter of education, which is an ongoing and constant matter at every moment.

The answer to this is: The obligation to accept the yoke of Heaven is constant at every moment, and nevertheless a special day of the year was established for this - Rosh Hashanah; we are obligated to mention the Exodus from Egypt every day, during the day and at night, and together with this a special day of the year was established, the holiday of Pesach, as the "time of our freedom"; the obligation to study Torah is at every free moment, and nevertheless they established a special day of the year, the holiday of Shavuot, as a day of renewed awakening regarding everything connected to receiving the Torah and studying it.

And here, in this matter we see how the world is getting closer to the coming of Moshiach. For in the future, the promise will be fulfilled "Then I will transform the peoples to a clear language... to serve Him with one consent," one of the aspects of this being that a mighty kingdom, a "superpower," which has influence throughout the entire world, has publicly declared for all to see the greatness of the importance and vitality of the matter of education.

— From the talk of 11 Nissan 5738 - notes of the listeners

Additionally, in New York State, numerous "Education Days" are proclaimed each year before the 11th of Nissan, corresponding to the number of years of the Rebbe's life. The declaration is delivered by the Governor of New York State, the two legislative houses, the Assembly and the Senate, in a special ceremony conducted by Rabbi Shmuel Butman.

A Moment of Silence

Extended article - Moment of Silence

In 5743 (1983), the Rebbe called for implementing a 'Moment of Silence' in schools worldwide at the beginning of the day, during which students would contemplate for 60 seconds about the Creator of the world, in light of the fact that without recognition of the Creator, there is no guarantee for preserving the fundamental laws that protect human society.

His call met with opposition in the United States, where it was claimed that it contradicted the principle of separation of church and state enshrined in the U.S. Constitution. The Rebbe explained that the principle of separation of church and state was established to allow religious freedom, and this principle requires allowing parents to educate their children about belief in Hashem even in public schools. The Rebbe further emphasized that the school should not interfere with the content of the child's contemplation, and therefore his proposal does not contradict the separation of church and state.

Following the Rebbe's call, President Ronald Reagan signed a proclamation to implement the 'Moment of Silence' in schools across the United States.

Activities by Year

  • 5710 (1950): Establishment of the emissary project in Morocco. Sent first emissaries to Morocco: Rabbi Michael Lipsker and Rabbi Shlomo Matusof.
  • 5711 (1951): The Rebbe accepts leadership. Sends Rabbi Tzvi Hirsch Chitrik to Brazil.
  • 5712: Established "Tzeirei Agudas Chabad" and "N'shei U'Bnos Chabad"
  • 5714: First launched the Arbah Minim campaign and Matzah campaign
  • 5718: During the 12 Tammuz gathering, the Rebbe called for action in the manner of "Ufaratzta" (spreading forth)
  • 5724: Began activities for Russian Jewry
  • 5729: Founded Nachalat Har Chabad neighborhood in Kiryat Malachi for immigrants
  • 5727: On Lag BaOmer, shortly before the Six-Day War, established the Tefillin campaign
  • 5739: Strongly opposed the Camp David Accords regarding giving up the Sinai Peninsula
  • 5730: Launched campaign regarding the "Who is a Jew" law
  • 5740: Established worldwide Lag BaOmer parades
  • 5741: Established Tzivos Hashem organization
  • 5751: Delivered talk demanding Chassidim "do all you can" to bring Moshiach

His Torah and and Teachings

His Seforim

Extended articles - The Rebbe's Seforim, The Rebbe's Learning Method

Hundreds of seforim document the Rebbe's teachings, some based on the divrei Torah he spoke for hours during his public appearances on Shabbos, Yomim Tovim, and special occasions, and others are collections from his letters on various topics. Most of the Rebbe's words were documented and written by the 'chozrim' - a group of Chassidim with exceptional memory, who would transcribe the Rebbe's words. These sichos were printed in the Sichos Kodesh series and later translated to Hebrew in the Divrei Moshiach and Toras Menachem - Hisvaaduyos series.

Likutei Sichos on the Order of the Parshiyos

Many sichos were edited and reviewed by the Rebbe and printed in Likkutei Sichos (comprising about 40 volumes) and in Sefer HaSichos (comprising about 12 volumes). These sichos contain the Rebbe's Torah chiddushim in various areas - in Chassidus, Kabbalah, Gemara, and even in the simple meaning of Rashi's commentary on the Torah, as they are explained through pshat, drush, remez, and sod, and as was the Rebbe's custom to connect things to the time they were said. Many of the sichos also dealt with instructions for Chassidim and explained his perspectives on world events.

The Rebbe During the Recitation of a Maamar

The Rebbe's maamarim (Chassidic discourses) were printed in Sefer HaMaamarim arranged by parsha, and some were edited by the Rebbe and printed in Sefer HaMaamarim - Melukat. Some of his letters containing instructions, advice, and brachos were printed in the Igros Kodesh series.

Torah and Science

The Rebbe supported the view that science does not contradict religion, arguing that science's role is merely to hypothesize, and therefore should not be considered against the certainties of Torah. The Rebbe even expressed displeasure with observant scientists who tried to hide Torah views in the face of "scientific hypotheses."

In a private audience with one professor, the Rebbe used as an example the discussion regarding the position of the sun relative to Earth, noting that while 150 years ago most scientists were certain their revolutionary view was "scientific fact," Einstein's Theory of Relativity proved otherwise, and in such matters we have no way to know what truly revolves around what.

The Rebbe also believed that since "everything that God created in His world, He created only for His glory," all scientific discoveries that have been innovated and revealed in recent years are intended to add to God's glory through their utilization for Torah and holiness. Over the years, the Rebbe was careful to harness technology for holiness, encouraged Tanya classes on radio, and even broadcast his gatherings live several times.

Hafatzat HaMayanot (Spreading the Wellsprings)

Extended entry – Spreading the Wellsprings Outward

The Rebbe transformed the concept of Hafatzat HaMayanot into the work of the seventh generation, and even expressed several times that this is the most general matter in our generation, and the special mitzvah in which the people of our generation need to be 'especially careful'. For this purpose, the Rebbe established the Shluchim (emissaries) project and Chabad Houses, which brought Chassidic teachings to every place.

The Rebbe expressed that spreading the wellsprings takes precedence over spreading Judaism, since it is in the category of "a mitzvah that cannot be performed by others," and particularly because generally, spreading the wellsprings naturally leads to changes in the world of those who study it, also in matters of observing Torah and mitzvot.

In recent years, the Rebbe announced that the work of spreading the wellsprings has been completed, and there is no longer anything delaying the coming of the Redemption, and we only need to prepare the people of the generation and the world to receive Moshiach.

Study of Secular Knowledge

Extended entry – Secular Knowledge

The Rebbe studied foreign languages in his childhood during times when he stayed in places where Torah study was forbidden. In his youth, he studied additional general subjects for matriculation exams, during times that did not detract at all from his extensive holy studies. After his marriage, he studied academic subjects under the instruction of his father-in-law, the Rebbe Rayatz. The Rebbe focused mainly on studying natural sciences, and it is known that he received degrees in engineering and physics. The Rebbe used the knowledge he acquired at university to prove his halachic opinion regarding halachic-technological questions.

However, many times the Rebbe firmly expressed his view opposing study in college, for several reasons: a. The atmosphere in these studies is permeated with denial of G-d and His providence. b. Academic studies incorporate subjects that are in the category of idol worship. c. The atmosphere on campuses is one of complete immodesty and contrary to tzniut.

In a letter to a young man who served as a shliach and wanted to study in college, the Rebbe elaborated on the severity of the matter, particularly as the Rebbe's emissary, that when he goes to study in college, he takes the Rebbe there with him[3].

Relationship to the State and Land of Israel

Extended entries – State of Israel • Land Integrity • Requests for the Rebbe to come to Israel and the Responses

The Rebbe, like previous Chabad Rebbes (the Rebbe Rashab and the Rebbe Rayatz), opposed the Zionist idea, yet they viewed the State of Israel as a "miracle of salvation", though he recognized it "de facto" (in practice) and not "de jure" (in principle)[4].

The ninth Prime Minister of the State of Israel, Mr. Benjamin Netanyahu, converses with the Rebbe on Rosh Chodesh, 1 Kislev 5752–1991. The Rebbe encourages him to hasten and bring closer the coming of Moshiach.

The Rebbe also showed active involvement in the life of the state, and met with state leaders, IDF officers, and heads of the Israeli security system. He firmly opposed giving territories to Arabs, and presented the opinion of military experts that giving away territories could lead to danger to life. The Rebbe based his opposition on the Shulchan Aruch and repeated the halacha that non-Jews who approached Jewish towns near the border, even if they only want to come for the purpose of gathering straw and hay, we desecrate Shabbat for them, lest they capture the city and from there the land would be easy to conquer.

Nevertheless, the Rebbe never went to Israel. When asked about this, he gave several answers, including that he wanted to be close to the resting place of his father-in-law, the Rebbe Rayatz. In a public talk in 5719 (1959), the Rebbe explained this by saying: "There are those who ask why I myself do not travel to settle there. Well, this is a matter that does not depend on me, and meanwhile I cannot do this, but this has no relevance to everyone else, except for me. I don't know if they imagine what is holding me back, and if it matters whether they know or not, but in any case, that is not what we are discussing now."

To those who suggested that he fly and even said they were willing to pay for the ticket, he said he could not.

The Rebbe and Moshiach

The Rebbe imparted to his Shluchim and to each person with whom he came in contact, a spirit of freedom that would enable them to dedicate their lives to the care of others.

This freedom is expressed through total immersion in the wellbeing of his or her particular sphere of influence: family, neighborhood, and so forth. For the individual Shliach, this freedom is, for the most part, expressed through concern for a particular country, state, city, institution, or program.

However, the Rebbe’s ultimate concern was the entire world – the entirety of the Jewish people and all of humankind.

Only a great soul, free of personal constraints, can truly care about the ultimate fulfillment of creation, the destiny of the world, and global wellbeing.

This was truly the Rebbe’s ultimate desire: to see the world perfected, to see the fruition of Creation’s very purpose – that the world become an abode for the Divine. Hence, the Rebbe’s overarching desire for the coming of Moshiach and the era of redemption.

In his own words, the Rebbe described himself “obsessed” with Moshiach.

The Rebbe yearned for Moshiach not only because it would bring an end to the world’s pain and suffering, but moreover, because the era of Moshiach is the ultimate destiny of the world and the purpose for which it was created.

As one who was able to see things from a broader and higher perspective, the Rebbe saw all of Jewish history– from our sojourn in the desert through the saga of our exiles up until the present day – as a continuous path leading inexorably toward the ultimate goal of Creation.

So, too, the Rebbe saw every positive action of each individual as a redemptive act in its own right, and a step on the road to global Redemption. For each mitzvah and each word of Torah contains G‑d’s infinite energy – wherein lies the secret of another advancement toward the ultimate goal of perfecting this world as a place where Hashem “feels at home.”

His Niggunim

In the early years of his leadership, the Rebbe taught melodies, some of which were known and forgotten, and some he composed himself. Usually, the time for teaching melodies was during the Simchat Torah gathering held before dawn, after the Hakafot.

Cover of the Disc "HaTnuos Shel HaRebbe" (The Movements of the Rebbe)

Among the notable melodies:

Further Reading

Biography
  • R' Mordechai Menashe Laufer, "Yemei Melech", Kfar Chabad 1991
  • Prof. Yirmiyahu Branover, "Prophet From Your Midst, Biography of Reb Schneerson", Merkaz Hafotzah Mamash, 2007
  • R' Elkana Shmotkin and R' Boruch Oberlander "Early Years", comprehensive biography of the Rebbe's first years - 1902-1929
  • R' Eliezer Yehoshua Zelikovsky and R' Yosef Yitzchak Greenberg, "Days of Beginning", diary, documents, research and photos from the Rebbe's first year of leadership - Tishrei 1950 until Adar 1951, Kehot Publication, New York, 1992
  • Dr. Yechiel Harari, "The Rebbe's Secret", Yediot Books, 2013
  • Joseph Telushkin "Rebbe: The life and teachings of Menachem M. Schneerson, the most influential Rabbi in Modern History" (2014)

Miscellaneous

  • Exit from Russia (book), Gate of Wanderings, accepting leadership in Pocking, Rebbe's Igros Kodesh to Pocking
  • R' Chesed Halberstam discusses his years as meshares bakodesh for the Rebbe and Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka - Beis Moshiach Weekly issue 470
  • R' Mordechai Menashe Laufer, "Mishivchei Rebbe, Things Said About Reb Schneerson", author's publication and Chabad House Ashdod, 2000
  • R' Shneur Zalman Hertzel, "Marriages of the Nesi'im" - description of our Rebbeim's weddings
  • Yosef Ashkenazi, "In Holy Quarters", memoirs of meshares bakodesh R' Sholom Ber Gansburg
  • "Depth of Chassid-Rebbe", overview of Rebbe-Chassid connection. Beis Moshiach Weekly supplement, 11 Nissan 2012
  • "Toraso Emes", overview of Rebbe's teachings, Simchas Torah 2013
  • "Forty Years to Prophecy", forty years since Rebbe's prophecy about Yom Kippur War. Beis Moshiach Weekly supplement, published before Yom Kippur 2014
  • "The Besorah" of the Rebbe regarding Moshiach and Geulah - unique supplement collecting general press coverage about Rebbe's Geulah message, Beis Moshiach Weekly supplement, 3 Tammuz 2014
  • "In Response to Your Letter", overview of Rebbe's letters, answers and responses, Beis Moshiach Weekly supplement, 3 Tammuz 2017
  • "Daled Amos" of the Rebbe - philosophical supplement about nature of traveling to and staying by Rebbe today, Beis Moshiach Weekly supplement, Tishrei 2018
  • "We Are Commanded to Tell" Rebbe stories - 120 stories about the Rebbe, Beis Moshiach Weekly supplement, Pesach 2022
  • "Jewish Art in the Seventh Generation" - Rebbe's connections with artists, mostly painters - Pesach supplement 2023, editor: Menachem Ziegelboim. Chronicles Rebbe's connections with popular artists: R' Hendel Lieberman, Jacques Lipchitz, Michel Schwartz, R' Baruch Nachshon, R' Yaakov Agam, R' Zalman Kleinman, R' Michael Muchnik, Raphael Nouril, R' Chaim Sherrf, Dr. Ben Tzion Bar Ami, R' Eliezer Tiffenbrun, R' Yossi Rosenstein
  • Tami Holtzman, "Rebbe and Chassidim Through the Camera Lens", Beis Moshiach Weekly, issue 1315 pages 20-26 (2023)

External Links

General

History

The Rebbe and Leaders of the Generation

Video

References

  1. ↑ The Rebbe's birthday became known to the chassidim for the first time during his visit to Paris, when on 11 Nissan his mother Rebbetzin Chana approached a group of chassidim, among them Rabbi Bentzion Shem Tov, and suggested that they ask the Rebbe to hold a farbrengen in honor of his birthday - and indeed the Rebbe agreed and held a farbrengen (Yemei Melech part 3, p. 997)
  2. ↑ On his father's side, the Rebbe is the sixth generation from the Admor the Tzemach Tzedek: his father Rabbi Levi Yitzchak is the son of Rabbi Baruch Shneur Zalman Schneersohn, son of Rabbi Levi Yitzchak Schneersohn, son of Rabbi Baruch Shalom Schneersohn, the firstborn son of Admor the Tzemach Tzedek - who was also the grandfather of his wife, Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka
  3. ↑ Igros Kodesh of the Rebbe Shlita, Part 3, Letter 59. Part 4, Letter 59.
  4. ↑ Rabbi Tuvia Blau, Pardes Chabad, Issue 11 (Summer 5763/2003), p. 189; Leket U'Prat, Part 2, 5777/2017, p. 138. This definition is also presented by Rabbi Uriel Zimmer, in the booklet "Judaism, Torah and the State" Chapter 17 which was seen by the Rebbe, in the name of Dr. Yitzchak Breuer, one of the thinkers of Agudas Yisrael.
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