The Split of Chabad Chassidus: Difference between revisions
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[[File:אדמור הצמח צדק - תמונה קטנה.jpg|thumb]] | [[File:אדמור הצמח צדק - תמונה קטנה.jpg|thumb|Portrait of the face of the Tzemach Tzedek, the split in Chabad Chassidus between his different sons occurred after his histalkus (passing)]] | ||
The split of Chabad Chassidus was a historical event that occurred between the years 5626-5683 (1866-1923) when Chabad Chassidus gradually divided into several branches. The split happened after the histalkus (passing) of the Rebbe Tzemach Tzedek in 5626 (1866) following a dispute over who would be his successor. Three of his sons (the Maharil, the RaChaShaZ, and the MaHaRIN) opened separate courts from Chabad-Lubavitch. The official successor of the Rebbe Tzemach Tzedek was his youngest son, the Rebbe Maharash, who served as Rebbe in Lubavitch, while simultaneously his three brothers served as Rebbes in the spirit of Chabad: Rabbi Yehuda Leib who was Rebbe in the town of Kopust, Rabbi Chaim Shneur Zalman who was Rebbe in the town of Lyadi, and Rabbi Yisrael Noach who was Rebbe in the town of Niezhin. | '''The split of Chabad Chassidus''' was a historical event that occurred between the years [[5626]]-[[5683]] (1866-1923) when [[Chabad Chassidus]] gradually divided into several branches. The split happened after the [[histalkus (passing)]] of [[the Rebbe Tzemach Tzedek]] in 5626 (1866) following a dispute over who would be his successor. Three of his sons (the Maharil, the RaChaShaZ, and the MaHaRIN) opened separate courts from Chabad-Lubavitch. The official successor of the Rebbe Tzemach Tzedek was his youngest son, the Rebbe Maharash, who served as Rebbe in Lubavitch, while simultaneously his three brothers served as Rebbes in the spirit of Chabad: Rabbi Yehuda Leib who was Rebbe in the town of Kopust, Rabbi Chaim Shneur Zalman who was Rebbe in the town of Lyadi, and Rabbi Yisrael Noach who was Rebbe in the town of Niezhin. | ||
Over the years, most chassidim of these branches returned to Chabad-Lubavitch. The split ended in 5683 (1923), after the last Kopust Rebbe, Rabbi Shmarya Noach Schneersohn, who was Rebbe in the city of Bobruisk, passed away without a successor. After his histalkus, many Kopust chassidim returned to Lubavitch and accepted the leadership of the Rebbe Rayatz, while simultaneously some Kopust chassidim left Chabad or the path of chassidus altogether. | Over the years, most chassidim of these branches returned to Chabad-Lubavitch. The split ended in 5683 (1923), after the last Kopust Rebbe, Rabbi Shmarya Noach Schneersohn, who was Rebbe in the city of Bobruisk, passed away without a successor. After his histalkus, many Kopust chassidim returned to Lubavitch and accepted the leadership of the Rebbe Rayatz, while simultaneously some Kopust chassidim left Chabad or the path of chassidus altogether. | ||
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== The Wills, the Court Ruling, and the Division == | == The Wills, the Court Ruling, and the Division == | ||
[[File:מכתב הצמח צדק למהרש.png|thumb | [[File:מכתב הצמח צדק למהרש.png|thumb|A letter written by the Tzemach Tzedek to his son, the Maharash, in which he expresses his wish that he lead the Chassidic community.]] | ||
[[File:זכרון הפסק דין.png|thumb|The testimony written by the judge Rabbi Shneur Zalman Fardekin regarding the court ruling in favor of the Maharash, establishing him as the successor to the Tzemach Tzedek in Lubavitch.]] | |||
A letter written by the Tzemach Tzedek to his son, the Maharash, in which he expresses his wish that he lead the Chassidic community. | |||
The testimony written by the judge Rabbi Shneur Zalman | |||
==== The Will and the Passing ==== | ==== The Will and the Passing ==== | ||
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==== Chabad Kopust ==== | ==== Chabad Kopust ==== | ||
''Extended article – Chassidus Kopust'' | ''Extended article – Chassidus Kopust''[[File:מהריל.jpg|thumb|The gravestone of the Maharil, founder of Chassidus Kopust in the town of Kopust]] | ||
The founder of the branch was the Maharil of Kopust. | The founder of the branch was the Maharil of Kopust. | ||
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==== Chabad Liadi ==== | ==== Chabad Liadi ==== | ||
'''Broader Article - Liaadi Chassidus''' | '''Broader Article - Liaadi Chassidus'''[[File:חבד ליאדי.jpg|thumb|A painting of the ohel of Chabad Liaadi Rebbes in the town of Liaadi]] | ||
A painting of the ohel of Chabad Liaadi Rebbes in the town of Liaadi | |||
The founder of this branch was Rabbi Chaim Shneur Zalman Schneerson. Even before the Tzemach Tzedek passed away, many chassidim became connected to him, such as the chassid Reb Mordechai Yoel Duchman from Homil, his brother Reb Zalman Duchman from Karma, and others. After the passing of the Maharil of Kopust, hundreds of his chassidim streamed to Lubavitch, and some became connected to Rabbi Chaim Shneur Zalman who was still living in Lubavitch at that time, like Reb Moshe Yisroel from Drisa (the son of Reb Mordechai from Liepli), Reb Mordechai from Kamil, and others. | The founder of this branch was Rabbi Chaim Shneur Zalman Schneerson. Even before the Tzemach Tzedek passed away, many chassidim became connected to him, such as the chassid Reb Mordechai Yoel Duchman from Homil, his brother Reb Zalman Duchman from Karma, and others. After the passing of the Maharil of Kopust, hundreds of his chassidim streamed to Lubavitch, and some became connected to Rabbi Chaim Shneur Zalman who was still living in Lubavitch at that time, like Reb Moshe Yisroel from Drisa (the son of Reb Mordechai from Liepli), Reb Mordechai from Kamil, and others. | ||
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==== Chabad Niez'hin ==== | ==== Chabad Niez'hin ==== | ||
'''Broader Article - Niez'hin Chassidus''' | '''Broader Article - Niez'hin Chassidus'''[[File:ניעזין.jpg|thumb|The beis medrash of Rabbi Yisroel Noach Schneerson in the town of Niez'hin that served as the center of Chabad-Niez'hin Chassidus today]] | ||
The beis medrash of Rabbi Yisroel Noach Schneerson in the town of Niez'hin that served as the center of Chabad-Niez'hin Chassidus today | |||
The founder of this branch was Rabbi Yisroel Noach Schneerson, son of the Tzemach Tzedek. | The founder of this branch was Rabbi Yisroel Noach Schneerson, son of the Tzemach Tzedek. | ||
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== Chabad Centers During the Period of Division == | == Chabad Centers During the Period of Division == | ||
The central Chabad synagogue in Dokshitz where there were minyanim for both Lyadi and Lubavitch Chassidim | [[File:ביהכ חבד דאקשיץ.png|thumb|The central Chabad synagogue in Dokshitz where there were minyanim for both Lyadi and Lubavitch Chassidim]] | ||
[[File:תומכי תמימים ווארשא.jpg|thumb|Tomchei Tmimim Warsaw]] | |||
[[File:תומכי תמימים ווארשא.jpg|thumb]] | |||
[[File:בית הכנסת צמח צדק בירושלים.jpg|thumb]] | [[File:בית הכנסת צמח צדק בירושלים.jpg|thumb]] | ||
Students of Yeshivas Toras Emes studying in the Ohel Yitzchak synagogue in Jerusalem, a synagogue that previously belonged to the | Students of Yeshivas Toras Emes studying in the Ohel Yitzchak synagogue in Jerusalem, a synagogue that previously belonged to the Kap | ||
This section does not go into details but gives a general overview of the situation that developed in the Chabad centers in Russia and Lithuania after the split from Lubavitch. Although the situation described mostly reflects the reality that prevailed in the first years after the passing of the Tzemach Tzedek, it is very possible that after the tumult subsided, the situation in these towns changed. | This section does not go into details but gives a general overview of the situation that developed in the Chabad centers in Russia and Lithuania after the split from Lubavitch. Although the situation described mostly reflects the reality that prevailed in the first years after the passing of the Tzemach Tzedek, it is very possible that after the tumult subsided, the situation in these towns changed. | ||
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The relationship between Lubavitch and Kopust was accompanied by great tension from the year the branch was established, and especially after the Maharil passed away. | The relationship between Lubavitch and Kopust was accompanied by great tension from the year the branch was established, and especially after the Maharil passed away. | ||
Among other things, there were differences of opinion between Lubavitch and Kopust on abstract matters in Chassidus, and even in customs. For example, a dispute arose between the Chassidim of Lubavitch and Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Schneersohn, author of "Magen Avot" from Kopust, on the question of whether the Tzimtzum affected the letters of the Reshimu or not. The | Among other things, there were differences of opinion between Lubavitch and Kopust on abstract matters in Chassidus, and even in customs. For example, a dispute arose between the Chassidim of Lubavitch and Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Schneersohn, author of "Magen Avot" from Kopust, on the question of whether the Tzimtzum affected the letters of the Reshimu or not. The Rebbe Maharash wrote that the Tzimtzum did not affect the letters of the Reshimu, while the author of "Magen Avot" disagreed and claimed that the Tzimtzum also affected the letters of the Reshimu. (The famous Chassid, R' Dov Tomarkin - a Chassid of the Tzemach Tzedek and the Rebbe Maharash - debated this in an exchange of letters with the Admor, author of Magen Avot of Kopust). Even in the customs of Chassidim there were slight differences - for example, the Chassidim of Kopust were careful to celebrate the holiday of redemption, 19th of Kislev, on the night of the 19th of Kislev, whereas the Chassidim of Lubavitch customarily celebrated the 19th of Kislev specifically on the night of the 20th of Kislev. | ||
Chabad Lubavitch Chassidim were careful during the split period not to study the book "Derech Mitzvotecha" because it was first printed by Kopust and the introduction to the book was written by them. Once when the | Chabad Lubavitch Chassidim were careful during the split period not to study the book "Derech Mitzvotecha" because it was first printed by Kopust and the introduction to the book was written by them. Once when the Rebbe Rashab saw a Chassid studying the book Derech Mitzvotecha, he took the book from him. | ||
Despite the dispute, the | Despite the dispute, the Rebbe Maharash instructed Shmaryahu Noach Schneersohn in 5632 (1872) to be appointed as the rabbi of the Chassidim in Babroisk. | ||
After the passing of the | After the passing of the Rebbe Maharash, the Chassidim of Lubavitch went to Vilna to print his book "Likutei Torah" for three Parshiyot. The Chassidim of Kopust who heard about this wanted to devise a scheme to replace the discourses written there by the Rebbe Maharash with discourses by the Tzemach Tzedek based on the same verses, thereby "proving" that the Rebbe Maharash did not innovate anything but merely repeated his father's discourses. Indeed, the emissaries who came to Vilna to print the book did not notice that the pages in their possession containing the discourses of the Rebbe Maharash had been replaced with the discourses of the Tzemach Tzedek, and so they initially printed the Likutei Torah for the three Parshiyot. When they brought the book to Lubavitch and it began to circulate, the Chassidim of Kopust made a great commotion, claiming that it was an imitation of the Tzemach Tzedek's discourses, and the book's circulation was halted for several years. | ||
It is told that once Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Schneersohn came to visit Lubavitch to prostrate himself on the grave of the | It is told that once Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Schneersohn came to visit Lubavitch to prostrate himself on the grave of the Tzemach Tzedek, and afterward he came to visit the Rebbe Maharash. When they met, the Rebbe Maharash said to him: "Do you know why you didn't find the Rebbe [at the gravesite]? - Because he was with me." | ||
On Simchat Torah 5671 (1910), the | On Simchat Torah 5671 (1910), the Rebbe Rashab stated that there is no innovation in the discourses of Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Schneersohn, and that the Chassidus in Kopust is "without any foundation at all." In contrast, Rabbi Shlomo Zalman praised the Rebbe Rashab, saying that he was a person with great fear of Heaven. | ||
Before Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Schneersohn, author of "Magen Avot," passed away, he sent a pidyon nefesh to the | Before Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Schneersohn, author of "Magen Avot," passed away, he sent a pidyon nefesh to the Rebbe Rashab to be read at the grave of the Tzemach Tzedek. When the Rebbe Rashab returned from the gravesite, he appeared troubled and sad. When Rebbetzin Rivka saw this, she asked him why he looked downcast, and the Rebbe Rashab answered her that as soon as he lit the candle for the merit of Rabbi Shlomo Zalman, it went out. Indeed, shortly afterward, Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Schneersohn passed away. | ||
A significant event occurred in 5672 (1912), when the Chassidim of Kopust separated from Colel Chabad following several disagreements between the | A significant event occurred in 5672 (1912), when the Chassidim of Kopust separated from Colel Chabad following several disagreements between the Rebbe Maharash"n of Babroisk and the Rebbe Rashab, which was under the control of all the Admorim of the different branches, and opened a new Colel called "the Special Colel Chabad," indicating that it was in order to return and reunite and quiet the dispute that had arisen in the meantime. It should be noted that when the Rebbe Rayatz visited the land of Israel in 5689 (1929), three years after the last of the Kopust Admorim passed away and the split officially ended, the people of the Special Colel Chabad officially accepted the leadership of the Rebbe Rayatz over the Colel. | ||
==== Relations Between Lubavitch and Chabad Liadi ==== | ==== Relations Between Lubavitch and Chabad Liadi ==== | ||
Initially, there were close relations between Lubavitch and Liadi, especially during the leadership of the Rechash"z. But after the Rechash"z passed away and the Chabad Liadi branch was divided between his son-in-law and his son, relations between Liadi and Kopust improved, and in parallel, relations with Lubavitch cooled. | Initially, there were close relations between Lubavitch and Liadi, especially during the leadership of the Rechash"z. But after the Rechash"z passed away and the Chabad Liadi branch was divided between his son-in-law and his son, relations between Liadi and Kopust improved, and in parallel, relations with Lubavitch cooled. | ||
The | The Rebbe Maharash and the Rechash"z from Liadi were very fond of each other. The special closeness between them began when the Tzemach Tzedek arranged a match between the Rebbe Maharash and the daughter of the Rechash"z. The wedding was held with great splendor, and among the guests was the Chassid R' Hillel of Paritch. When R' Hillel saw the Rechash"z, he jokingly said to him, "How can you enter into a family relationship with an in-law you don't know?" When the Tzemach Tzedek heard this, he said to R' Hillel, "He also doesn't know the groom..." During the Sheva Brachot, the bride fell ill and died after three months. But even when the Rebbe Maharash married Rebbetzin Rivka, the connection between them did not stop. | ||
Also, before the Bar Mitzvah celebration of the | Also, before the Bar Mitzvah celebration of the Rebbe Rashab, his father, the Rebbe Maharash, sent him together with his brother R' Zalman Aharon to receive a blessing from the Rechash"z in Liadi and to hear Chassidic discourses from him. | ||
In this context, one of the natives of Liadi told that the Rechash"z of Liadi used to ascend once a year to the grave of the Tzemach Tzedek in Lubavitch, and each time he came to the town, he would meet with the | In this context, one of the natives of Liadi told that the Rechash"z of Liadi used to ascend once a year to the grave of the Tzemach Tzedek in Lubavitch, and each time he came to the town, he would meet with the Rebbe Maharash. Before the passing of the Rechash"z, the Rebbe Maharash sent his sons, the Rebbe Rashab and R' Zalman Aharon, to hear Chassidus from him, and despite his illness and weakness, the Rechash"z sat up in his bed and delivered a discourse beginning with "He crouched, he lay down like a lion." | ||
Another story that illustrates the closeness of Liadi to Lubavitch in the early years was told by the Chassid R' Raphael Kimin, who once came from his town of Beshenkovitch to the | Another story that illustrates the closeness of Liadi to Lubavitch in the early years was told by the Chassid R' Raphael Kimin, who once came from his town of Beshenkovitch to the Rebbe Maharash regarding a matter that troubled him. The Rebbe Maharash did not address his questions but said to him, "Why isn't your father, R' Yehuda Yosef, appointed as the rabbi in Beshenkovitch?" This surprised him since there was already another rabbi in the town, and he said this to the Rebbe Maharash. The Rebbe Maharash told him to go consult with his brother, the Rechash"z of Liadi. R' Raphael went to the Rechash"z and spoke to him about the matter that troubled him, but the Rechash"z, like the Rebbe Maharash, did not address his words and asked the same question: "Why doesn't your father serve as the rabbi in Beshenkovitch?" R' Raphael testified that this surprised him sevenfold, both the puzzling question and the Divine inspiration shared between the brothers from Lubavitch and Liadi. Several days after he returned to his town, the previous rabbi passed away and his father took his place. Then he understood the question of the Rechash"z and the Rebbe Maharash. | ||
The | The Rebbe Rayatz refused to hear a Chassidic discourse from Rabbi Shmaryahu Noach Schneersohn (who was the Admor of Bobruisk-Kopust), and agreed to listen only from the Admorim of Liadi. | ||
==== Relations Between Lubavitch and Chabad Nezhin ==== | ==== Relations Between Lubavitch and Chabad Nezhin ==== | ||
Rebbetzin Nechama Dina Schneersohn, the wife of the | Rebbetzin Nechama Dina Schneersohn, the wife of the Rebbe Rayatz, is the granddaughter of the founder of the branch, Rabbi Yisrael Noach Schneersohn. | ||
The son of the Mahari"n, Rabbi Avraham Schneersohn, when he was a young man, came on one occasion from his city of Kishinev to his father, the Mahari"n, and said: "Father, I will not receive 'Shalom' from you, because this time I did not come as a son to a father, but as a Chassid before his Rebbe." His father, the Mahari"n, said to him, "This means you need advice? My advice is that you travel to your uncle, the | The son of the Mahari"n, Rabbi Avraham Schneersohn, when he was a young man, came on one occasion from his city of Kishinev to his father, the Mahari"n, and said: "Father, I will not receive 'Shalom' from you, because this time I did not come as a son to a father, but as a Chassid before his Rebbe." His father, the Mahari"n, said to him, "This means you need advice? My advice is that you travel to your uncle, the Rebbe Maharash in Lubavitch." Rabbi Avraham indeed traveled to Lubavitch and was received for a private audience with the Rebbe Maharash. When he returned from Lubavitch to Kishinev, he passed through Nezhin, and when he reached his father, his father said to him: "Nu, did I give you good advice?..." | ||
In one of the Jewish cemeteries in New York, there is a joint section for the Chassidim of Lubavitch and Nezhin, called the "Section of the People of Lubavitch and Nezhin." | In one of the Jewish cemeteries in New York, there is a joint section for the Chassidim of Lubavitch and Nezhin, called the "Section of the People of Lubavitch and Nezhin." | ||
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== The Attitude of Our Rebbes to the Different Branches == | == The Attitude of Our Rebbes to the Different Branches == | ||
Rabbi Shmuel Bezpalov, who, because of his connection to Lubavitch, refused to inherit the position of Rabbi Shmarya Noach Schneerson of Babroisk in the role of Rebbe, and in practice only replaced him in the rabbinate. | [[File:בזפלוב שמואל.jpg|thumb|Rabbi Shmuel Bezpalov, who, because of his connection to Lubavitch, refused to inherit the position of Rabbi Shmarya Noach Schneerson of Babroisk in the role of Rebbe, and in practice only replaced him in the rabbinate.]] | ||
At the time of the split, there was a critical attitude in Lubavitch toward the various branches of Chabad, but today this has changed. The Rebbe Rayatz and the Rebbe considered the Rebbes of the various branches of Chabad as part of the Chabad Rebbes, but as different branches. | At the time of the split, there was a critical attitude in Lubavitch toward the various branches of Chabad, but today this has changed. The Rebbe Rayatz and the Rebbe considered the Rebbes of the various branches of Chabad as part of the Chabad Rebbes, but as different branches. | ||
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In Tel Aviv lived a grandson of Rabbi Shmarya Noach of Babroisk who had holy writings of the Rebbe Tzemach Tzedek. R' Binyamin Gorodetzky wanted to present them to the Rebbe, and that grandson agreed after persuasion. In response, the Rebbe printed the book "Shemen LaMaor" - the sermons of Rabbi Shmarya Noach. When Rabbi Shaul Dov Ber Zislin heard that the book of the Rebbe of Babroisk, Shemen LaMaor, was printed in Kfar Chabad, he went to R' Pinchas Althaus and asked, "Is it possible?" When R' Pinchas told him it was with the Rebbe's approval, Rabbi Zislin calmed down. | In Tel Aviv lived a grandson of Rabbi Shmarya Noach of Babroisk who had holy writings of the Rebbe Tzemach Tzedek. R' Binyamin Gorodetzky wanted to present them to the Rebbe, and that grandson agreed after persuasion. In response, the Rebbe printed the book "Shemen LaMaor" - the sermons of Rabbi Shmarya Noach. When Rabbi Shaul Dov Ber Zislin heard that the book of the Rebbe of Babroisk, Shemen LaMaor, was printed in Kfar Chabad, he went to R' Pinchas Althaus and asked, "Is it possible?" When R' Pinchas told him it was with the Rebbe's approval, Rabbi Zislin calmed down. | ||
[[File:בברויסק.jpg|thumb]] | [[File:בברויסק.jpg|thumb|Rabbi Shmarya Noach of Babroisk]] | ||
When the Rebbe came to comfort the Rashag on 25 Tishrei 5730 (1969) after the passing of his mother, exchanges were recorded between him and the Rashag regarding the book "Magen Avot" by Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Schneerson of Kopust. Among other things, the Rashag asked the Rebbe if he had studied the book "Magen Avot," and the Rebbe replied affirmatively. The Rashag added and said that at first he was afraid to study this book because it was known that there was objection to those who studied the books of Kopust, but when he heard from the Rebbe Rayatz that the book "Magen Avot" is based on the discourses of the Tzemach Tzedek, he calmed down and began to study the book. The Rebbe even said that the discourses of Magen Avot are "pleasant discourses." Later in the conversation, the Rebbe added and noted that at the time of the split, there was even a prohibition and objection to those who studied the book Derech Mitzvotecha of the Tzemach Tzedek, despite the fact that only the introduction was written by a chassid of Kopust, but the Rebbe noted that this was only a temporary directive, and today one can study Magen Avot. | When the Rebbe came to comfort the Rashag on 25 Tishrei 5730 (1969) after the passing of his mother, exchanges were recorded between him and the Rashag regarding the book "Magen Avot" by Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Schneerson of Kopust. Among other things, the Rashag asked the Rebbe if he had studied the book "Magen Avot," and the Rebbe replied affirmatively. The Rashag added and said that at first he was afraid to study this book because it was known that there was objection to those who studied the books of Kopust, but when he heard from the Rebbe Rayatz that the book "Magen Avot" is based on the discourses of the Tzemach Tzedek, he calmed down and began to study the book. The Rebbe even said that the discourses of Magen Avot are "pleasant discourses." Later in the conversation, the Rebbe added and noted that at the time of the split, there was even a prohibition and objection to those who studied the book Derech Mitzvotecha of the Tzemach Tzedek, despite the fact that only the introduction was written by a chassid of Kopust, but the Rebbe noted that this was only a temporary directive, and today one can study Magen Avot. | ||
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== See Also == | == See Also == | ||
* [[Chabad Kapust]] | |||
* Chabad Kapust | * [[Chabad Lyadi]] | ||
* Chabad Lyadi | * [[Chabad Nezhin]] | ||
* Chabad Nezhin | * [[Cherkassy dynasty]] | ||
* Cherkassy dynasty | * [[The division of Kollel Chabad]] | ||
* The division of Kollel Chabad | * [[Strashelye Chassidus]] | ||
* Strashelye Chassidus | |||
== Further Reading == | == Further Reading == | ||
* Blau Amram, '''Bnei HaTzemach Tzedek''', 5781, Mayanosecha Publishing | * Blau Amram, '''Bnei HaTzemach Tzedek''', 5781, Mayanosecha Publishing | ||
* Collection "Doros Rishonim - Lubavitch and Kapust" | * Collection "Doros Rishonim - Lubavitch and Kapust" | ||
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== External Links == | == External Links == | ||
* Collection "Lubavitch ShebeLubavitch" page 18 and onwards (the link is not active, 24 Teves 5785) | |||
[[he:התפצלות_חסידות_חב"ד_(תרכ"ו)]] | |||