The Rebbe: Difference between revisions
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[[File:לערך הרבי שליט"א.png|250px|thumb|right|the Rebbe]] | [[File:לערך הרבי שליט"א.png|250px|thumb|right|the Rebbe Shlita]] | ||
Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson (in [[Yiddish]]: Schneersohn; known as the Lubavitcher Rebbe and in Chabad simply as the Rebbe) was born on 11 Nissan 5662 (1902<ref>The Rebbe's birthday became known to the chassidim for the first time during his visit to Paris, when on 11 Nissan his mother Rebbetzin Chana approached a group of chassidim, among them Rabbi Bentzion Shem Tov, and suggested that they ask the Rebbe to hold a farbrengen in honor of his birthday - and indeed the Rebbe agreed and held a farbrengen (Yemei Melech part 3, p. 997)</ref>). He is a spiritual leader whose influence encompassed the entire world and particularly the | Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson (in [[Yiddish]]: Schneersohn; known as the Lubavitcher Rebbe MH"M Shlita and in Chabad simply as the Rebbe) was born on 11 [[Nissan]] [[5662]] (1902<ref>The Rebbe's birthday became known to the chassidim for the first time during his visit to Paris, when on 11 Nissan his mother Rebbetzin Chana approached a group of chassidim, among them Rabbi Bentzion Shem Tov, and suggested that they ask the Rebbe to hold a farbrengen in honor of his birthday - and indeed the Rebbe agreed and held a farbrengen (Yemei Melech part 3, p. 997)</ref>). He is a spiritual leader whose influence encompassed the entire world and particularly the [[Jew|Jewish]] people. Among his notable activities were the establishment of the [[Shlichus]] (emissary) enterprise and the [[The Ten Mitzvah Campaigns|Ten Mitzvah Campaigns]] he initiated, aiming to bring Judaism to every single Jew. His actions, words, and influence emphasized the anticipation of [[Moshiach]] and activities to hasten the Redemption. | ||
== Life History == | == Life History == | ||
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==== Birth and Early Years ==== | ==== Birth and Early Years ==== | ||
{{Chabad}} | {{Chabad}} | ||
The Rebbe was born on Friday, 11 Nissan 5662 (April 18, 1902) in the Russian-Ukrainian town of Nikolayev, to [[Levi Yitzchak Schneerson|Rabbi Levi Yitzchak]]<ref>On his father's side, the Rebbe is the sixth generation from the Admor the Tzemach Tzedek: his father Rabbi Levi Yitzchak is the son of Rabbi Baruch Shneur Zalman Schneersohn, son of Rabbi Levi Yitzchak Schneersohn, son of Rabbi Baruch Shalom Schneersohn, the firstborn son of Admor the Tzemach Tzedek - who was also the grandfather of his wife, Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka</ref> and [[Rebbetzin Chana Schneerson|Rebbetzin Chana]] Schneerson. His maternal grandfather was Rabbi Meir Shlomo Yanovsky, the Rabbi of Nikolayev. | The Rebbe was born on Friday, 11 Nissan 5662 (April 18, 1902) in the [[Russian-Ukrainian]] town of [[Nikolayev]], to [[Levi Yitzchak Schneerson|Rabbi Levi Yitzchak]]<ref>On his father's side, the Rebbe is the sixth generation from the Admor the Tzemach Tzedek: his father Rabbi Levi Yitzchak is the son of Rabbi Baruch Shneur Zalman Schneersohn, son of Rabbi Levi Yitzchak Schneersohn, son of Rabbi Baruch Shalom Schneersohn, the firstborn son of Admor the Tzemach Tzedek - who was also the grandfather of his wife, Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka</ref> and [[Rebbetzin Chana Schneerson|Rebbetzin Chana]] Schneerson. His maternal grandfather was [[Rabbi Meir Shlomo Yanovsky]], the Rabbi of Nikolayev. | ||
The Bris Milah was held on 18 Nissan, Chol HaMoed Pesach, and the festive meal took place in the home of his grandfather, Rabbi Meir Shlomo Yanovsky, with many Jews from Nikolayev participating. During the celebration, his grandfathers and father delivered Torah discourses, with his father connecting the Bris celebration to his own birthday which fell on that day. The Rebbe was named "Menachem Mendel" after his great-grandfather, the [[The tzemach tzedek|Tzemach Tzedek.]] | The [[Bris Milah]] was held on 18 Nissan, [[Chol HaMoed]] [[Pesach]], and the festive meal took place in the home of his grandfather, Rabbi Meir Shlomo Yanovsky, with many Jews from Nikolayev participating. During the celebration, his grandfathers and father delivered Torah discourses, with his father connecting the Bris celebration to his own birthday which fell on that day. The Rebbe was named "Menachem Mendel" after his great-grandfather, the [[The tzemach tzedek|Tzemach Tzedek.]] | ||
After his father, Rabbi Levi Yitzchak, was appointed Chief Rabbi of Dnepropetrovsk (formerly Yekaterinoslav) in 1909, the family moved there. | After his father, Rabbi Levi Yitzchak, was appointed Chief Rabbi of [[Dnepropetrovsk]] (formerly Yekaterinoslav) in 1909, the family moved there. | ||
[[File:הרבי בילדותו.jpg|thumb|The Rebbe in His Youth]] | [[File:הרבי בילדותו.jpg|thumb|The Rebbe Shlita in His Youth]] | ||
From a very young age, the Rebbe became known for his diligence and extraordinary memory. His time was mostly dedicated to a comprehensive study of all parts of the | From a very young age, the Rebbe became known for his diligence and extraordinary memory. His time was mostly dedicated to a comprehensive study of all parts of the [[Torah]]—both revealed and hidden. His main guide in learning was his father. The Rebbe described his childhood years as the time when his worldview took shape, which he later applied throughout his life, especially as a Rebbe. In a rare letter to [[Mr. Yitzchak Ben Zvi]], he described his thoughts as a child:<blockquote>“From the time I started going to '[[cheder]]' and even before that, the image of [[Geulah - Redemption|the future redemption]] began to form in my imagination—the redemption of the Jewish people from their final [[Galus (Exile)|exile]] — a redemption that will explain the suffering of the exile, the decrees, and the destructions.”</blockquote>— Letter from 1956 to Mr. Yitzchak Ben Zvi | ||
— a redemption that will explain the suffering of the exile, the decrees, and the destructions.”</blockquote>— Letter from 1956 to Mr. Yitzchak Ben Zvi | |||
At the age of 18, in 1920, he was appointed to serve as a rabbi in one of the synagogues in the city. | At the age of 18, in 1920, he was appointed to serve as a rabbi in one of the synagogues in the city. | ||
In 1923, the Rebbe met the [[Rebbe Rayatz | In 1923, the Rebbe met the [[Rebbe Rayatz|Rebbe Rayatz (Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn)]] for the first time. Shortly thereafter, he joined him in his public activities, fulfilling special roles in various fields and standing by the Rebbe Rayatz in his famous battle to preserve the sacred practices of Judaism and mitzvot in Soviet Russia. At that time, the Rebbe Rayatz referred to him as his "Minister of Education." In Sivan 1927, the Rebbe Rayatz was arrested, and the Rebbe played a central role in efforts to save him. After his release, the Rebbe Rayatz stayed in Malchovka, and only a few followers were permitted to visit him, including the Rebbe, who was invited to see him and spent long hours conversing with him daily. | ||
In Tishrei 1928, he visited his parents in Dnipro. After Sukkot, his mother accompanied him to Leningrad. From there, he left Russia with the Rebbe Rayatz, who was set to become his father-in-law, and with his entire family. The Rebbe settled in Riga with the Rebbe Rayatz’s family. However, due to financial difficulties, their planned wedding was delayed, and it was decided he would move to another city. In Tevet of that year, he moved to Berlin, Germany. | In Tishrei 1928, he visited his parents in Dnipro. After Sukkot, his mother accompanied him to Leningrad. From there, he left Russia with the Rebbe Rayatz, who was set to become his father-in-law, and with his entire family. The Rebbe settled in Riga with the Rebbe Rayatz’s family. However, due to financial difficulties, their planned wedding was delayed, and it was decided he would move to another city. In Tevet of that year, he moved to Berlin, Germany. | ||
== Marriage == | == Marriage == | ||
On the 10th of Kislev, 1928, the Rebbe became engaged to [[Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka Schneerson|Chaya Mushka Schneerson]], the daughter of the Rebbe Rayatz. The wedding took place in Riga. On Shabbat Parshat Vayetze, the 11th of Kislev, the | On the 10th of Kislev, 1928, the Rebbe became engaged to [[Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka Schneerson|Chaya Mushka Schneerson]], the daughter of the Rebbe Rayatz. The wedding took place in Riga. On [[Shabbos|Shabbat]] [[Parshat Vayetze]], the 11th of [[Kislev]], the “[[Shabbat Kallah]]” took place, and the Rebbe was called to the Torah in the Rebbe Rayatz’s [[minyan]]. | ||
Two weeks after the engagement, on the 14th of Kislev 1929, the wedding celebration was held at the Tomchei Temimim Yeshiva in Warsaw. Rabbis and Rebbes from all over Poland attended the event. | Two weeks after the engagement, on the 14th of Kislev 1929, the wedding celebration was held at the [[Tomchei Temimim|Tomchei Temimim Yeshiva]] in [[Warsaw]]. Rabbis and Rebbes from all over [[Poland]] attended the event. | ||
Due to Soviet authorities not permitting the Rebbe's parents to leave Russia and attend the wedding, they held a simultaneous celebration in Russia to mark their son's wedding. Despite their absence, many friends and supporters attended, and the joy was immense. | Due to Soviet authorities not permitting the Rebbe's parents to leave Russia and attend the wedding, they held a simultaneous celebration in Russia to mark their son's wedding. Despite their absence, many friends and supporters attended, and the joy was immense. | ||
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The Rebbe remarked on his wedding day:<blockquote>"The day that connected me to you, and you to me, so that together we will labor and bring about the true and complete redemption." | The Rebbe remarked on his wedding day:<blockquote>"The day that connected me to you, and you to me, so that together we will labor and bring about the true and complete redemption." | ||
— Translation from remarks made on the 14th of Kislev 1954.</blockquote>After the wedding, the Rebbe and his wife lived for a short time in Riga. His father-in-law, the Rebbe Rayatz, instructed him to lead gatherings on Shabbat and special days, as well as directing him to handle matters of Jewish law, Kabbalah, and Chassidus, and special duties concerning the guidance of the Chassidim and community. | — Translation from remarks made on the 14th of Kislev 1954.</blockquote>After the wedding, the Rebbe and his wife lived for a short time in [[Riga]]. His father-in-law, the Rebbe Rayatz, instructed him to lead gatherings on Shabbat and special days, as well as directing him to handle matters of Jewish law, [[Kabbalah]], and [[Toras HaChassidus|Chassidus]], and special duties concerning the guidance of the [[Chassidim]] and community. | ||
==== Berlin ==== | ==== Berlin ==== | ||
On the 10th of Shvat, 1929, the Rebbe left Latvia and moved to Berlin, where he established his residence with his wife, Chaya Mushka. Following his father-in-law's instructions, the Rebbe began academic studies at the University of Berlin. | On the 10th of [[Shvat]], 1929, the Rebbe left Latvia and moved to [[Berlin]], where he established his residence with his wife, Chaya Mushka. Following his father-in-law's instructions, the Rebbe began academic studies at the [[University]] of Berlin. | ||
[[File:הרבי צרפת.jpg|thumb|The Rebbe in Paris Around 1937]] | [[File:הרבי צרפת.jpg|thumb|The Rebbe Shlita in Paris Around 1937]] | ||
During his time in Berlin, he made several trips to visit the Rebbe Rayatz in Riga. He also visited the Rebbe Rayatz’s court in Tishrei 1930, when the Rebbe Rayatz traveled to the United States, where the Rebbe met with Chassidim. | During his time in Berlin, he made several trips to visit the Rebbe Rayatz in Riga. He also visited the Rebbe Rayatz’s court in Tishrei 1930, when the Rebbe Rayatz traveled to the [[United States]], where the Rebbe met with Chassidim. | ||
In Nisan 1933, due to the worsening situation and growing anti-Semitism in Germany, the Rebbe and his wife left Berlin and immigrated to Paris. This occurred a few months after Hitler came to power. | In Nisan 1933, due to the worsening situation and growing [[anti-Semitism]] in [[Germany]], the Rebbe and his wife left Berlin and immigrated to [[Paris]]. This occurred a few months after Hitler came to power. | ||
==== Paris ==== | ==== Paris ==== | ||
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He compiled Chassidic teachings at that time, including: | He compiled Chassidic teachings at that time, including: | ||
* ‘HaTamim’ pamphlets | * [[‘HaTamim’ pamphlets]] | ||
* Talks of the Rebbe Rayatz | * [[Sicha|Talks]] of the Rebbe Rayatz | ||
* Letters of the Rebbe Rayatz | * Letters of the Rebbe Rayatz | ||
* Indexes to the Tanya | * Indexes to the [[Tanya]] | ||
* Indexes to Torah Ohr | * Indexes to [[Torah Ohr]] | ||
* Indexes to Likkutei Torah | * Indexes to [[Likkutei Torah]] | ||
* Indexes to the Ma’amarei Admor Rashab | * Indexes to the Ma’amarei Admor Rashab | ||
* Other Torah compilations. | * Other Torah compilations. | ||
==== During World War II ==== | ==== During [[World War II]] ==== | ||
In the winter of 1939, Chabad in the United States, by the Rebbe Rayatz’s instructions, began lobbying with high-level officials to obtain entry visas for the Rebbe and his wife to the United States. The request was submitted at the American Consulate in Paris. However, due to the war, communication was difficult, and it was unclear whether the visa had been granted. | In the winter of 1939, Chabad in the United States, by the Rebbe Rayatz’s instructions, began lobbying with high-level officials to obtain entry visas for the Rebbe and his wife to the United States. The request was submitted at the American Consulate in Paris. However, due to the war, communication was difficult, and it was unclear whether the visa had been granted. | ||
[[File:תשב.JPG|thumb|The Rebbe, after his arrival in the United States, with the Rebbe Rayatz, (5702/1942)]] | [[File:תשב.JPG|thumb|The Rebbe Shlita , after his arrival in the United States, with the Rebbe Rayatz, (5702/1942)]] | ||
In 1940, just before Shavuot (after the Germans had already entered France and the Rebbe had not yet received the U.S. visa), the Rebbe and his wife left the city and traveled to southern France, an area not yet occupied by the Germans. On the evening of Shavuot, they arrived in the city of Vichy. In late summer 1940, they moved from Vichy to Nice, where they lived for eight to nine months until the summer of 1941. Meanwhile, efforts to secure visas continued. On the 20th of Nisan 1941, the visas were received in Marseille, and from there, the Rebbe and his wife made their way to Lisbon, Portugal. | In 1940, just before [[Shavuot]] (after the Germans had already entered France and the Rebbe had not yet received the U.S. visa), the Rebbe and his wife left the city and traveled to southern France, an area not yet occupied by the Germans. On the evening of Shavuot, they arrived in the city of Vichy. In late summer 1940, they moved from Vichy to Nice, where they lived for eight to nine months until the summer of 1941. Meanwhile, efforts to secure visas continued. On the 20th of Nisan 1941, the visas were received in Marseille, and from there, the Rebbe and his wife made their way to Lisbon, Portugal. | ||
On the 17th of Sivan, 1941, the Rebbe and his wife boarded the ship "S.S. Serpa Pinto" from Portugal to New York, where they arrived on the 28th of Sivan, 1941. A delegation of Chassidim sent by the Rebbe Rayatz welcomed them at the port. | On the 17th of Sivan, 1941, the Rebbe and his wife boarded the ship "S.S. Serpa Pinto" from Portugal to New York, where they arrived on the 28th of Sivan, 1941. A delegation of Chassidim sent by the Rebbe Rayatz welcomed them at the port. | ||
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==== In the United States ==== | ==== In the United States ==== | ||
Upon his arrival in the United States, the Rebbe began assisting his father-in-law, the Rebbe Rayatz, in all of his activities, particularly his efforts to establish America as a center of Torah and Chassidus. In 1942, the Rebbe Rayatz appointed him as the chairman of the central Chabad institutions: | Upon his arrival in the United States, the Rebbe began assisting his father-in-law, the Rebbe Rayatz, in all of his activities, particularly his efforts to establish America as a center of Torah and Chassidus. In 1942, the Rebbe Rayatz appointed him as the chairman of the central Chabad institutions: | ||
[[File:בצעירותו.jpg|thumb|The Rebbe during his university studies]] | [[File:בצעירותו.jpg|thumb|The Rebbe Shlita during his university studies]] | ||
* | * [[Machane Yisrael|Macahne Yisroel]] | ||
* merkoz linyonei chinuch | * [[Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch|merkoz linyonei chinuch]] | ||
* Kehot Publishing House. | * [[Kehos|Kehot]] Publishing House. | ||
In 1943, the Rebbe was also appointed as the chief editor of [[Kehos|Kehot's]] publications. | In 1943, the Rebbe was also appointed as the chief editor of [[Kehos|Kehot's]] publications. | ||
[[File:שחמט.jpg|thumb|The Rebbe playing chess with the Rebbe Rayatz at the health resort town of Purkersdorf in the year (5697/1937)]] | [[File:שחמט.jpg|thumb|The Rebbe Shlita playing [[chess]] with the Rebbe Rayatz at the health resort town of Purkersdorf in the year ([[5697|5697/1937]])]] | ||
During those years, the Rebbe also worked as a ship engineer in the U.S. Navy. | During those years, the Rebbe also worked as a ship engineer in the U.S. Navy. | ||
[[File:Ship.jpg|thumb|The ship 'Serpa Pinto' on which the Rebbe and the Rebbetzin sailed from Portugal to New York]] | [[File:Ship.jpg|thumb|The ship 'Serpa Pinto' on which the Rebbe Shlita and the Rebbetzin sailed from Portugal to New York]] | ||
==== Activities Toward Accepting Leadership ==== | ==== Activities Toward Accepting Leadership ==== | ||
''Extended article - [[The Rebbe Accepting The Nesius|The Rebbe's Acceptance of Leadership]]'' | ''Extended article - [[The Rebbe Accepting The Nesius|The Rebbe's Acceptance of Leadership]]'' | ||
After 10 Shevat 5710 (1950), when news spread of the passing of the Previous Rebbe (Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn), the Chassidim began discussing the need to appoint his son-in-law, the Rebbe (then known as "The RaMaSh"), as his successor. | After 10 Shevat 5710 (1950), when news spread of the passing of the Previous Rebbe (Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn), the Chassidim began discussing the need to appoint his son-in-law, the Rebbe (then known as "The RaMaSh"), as his successor. | ||
[[File:תשיב.jpg|thumb|The Rebbe at a farbrengen in the same place where he accepted the leadership, (5712/1952)]] | [[File:תשיב.jpg|thumb|The Rebbe Shlita at a farbrengen in the same place where he accepted the leadership, (5712/1952)]] | ||
Extensive activity was undertaken by Chassidim worldwide to encourage the Rebbe to accept the leadership. The activity was led by prominent Chassidim across the globe: | Extensive activity was undertaken by Chassidim worldwide to encourage the Rebbe to accept the leadership. The activity was led by prominent Chassidim across the globe: | ||
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* [[Shneur Zalman Gurary|Rabbi Shneur Zalman Gurary]] | * [[Shneur Zalman Gurary|Rabbi Shneur Zalman Gurary]] | ||
* Rabbi Shmuel Zalmanov | * Rabbi Shmuel Zalmanov | ||
* Rabbi Shmuel Levitin - The Mashpia | * [[Shmuel Levitin|Rabbi Shmuel Levitin]] - The [[Mashpia]] | ||
* Rabbi Shlomo Aaron Kazarnovsky | * [[Shlomo Aharon Kazarnovsky|Rabbi Shlomo Aaron Kazarnovsky]] | ||
* Rabbi DovBer Haskin | * Rabbi DovBer Haskin | ||
* Rabbi Meir Ashkenazi - Rabbi of Shanghai | * Rabbi Meir Ashkenazi - Rabbi of [[Shanghai]] | ||
===== In the Holy Land: ===== | ===== In the Holy Land: ===== | ||
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* Rabbi Moshe Gurary - Director of Agudas Chassidei Chabad | * Rabbi Moshe Gurary - Director of Agudas Chassidei Chabad | ||
* Rabbi Shmerel Gurary | * Rabbi Shmerel Gurary | ||
* Rabbi Avraham Paris | * Rabbi [[Avraham Paris]] | ||
* Rabbi Shlomo Yosef Zevin | * Rabbi Shlomo Yosef Zevin | ||
* Rabbi Avraham Chein | * Rabbi Avraham Chein | ||
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* [[Saadia Liberow|Rabbi Saadia Liberow]] | * [[Saadia Liberow|Rabbi Saadia Liberow]] | ||
These individuals enthusiastically supported the Rebbe's leadership and influenced Chabad Chassidim in the United States, Israel, and worldwide to accept his leadership. They also worked to ensure Chabad institutions would accept the Rebbe's leadership. However, some Chabad Chassidim, as well as Rebbetzin Nechama Dina (wife of the Previous Rebbe), supported the Previous Rebbe's elder son-in-law, Rabbi Shmaryahu Gurary (RaShaG), to lead the movement. After the Rebbe accepted leadership, RaShaG showed exceptional deference to the Rebbe. | These individuals enthusiastically supported the Rebbe's leadership and influenced Chabad Chassidim in the United States, [[Israel]], and worldwide to accept his leadership. They also worked to ensure Chabad institutions would accept the Rebbe's leadership. However, some Chabad Chassidim, as well as Rebbetzin Nechama Dina (wife of the Previous Rebbe), supported the Previous Rebbe's elder son-in-law, Rabbi [[Shmaryahu Gurary (RaShaG)]], to lead the movement. After the Rebbe accepted leadership, RaShaG showed exceptional deference to the Rebbe. | ||
In the months following the passing, many Chassidim from around the world wrote letters of connection and sent them to 770, but the Rebbe refused to accept the leadership. Over the following months, the pleas from the Chassidim increased while the Rebbe continued to refuse, though gradually he began taking on communal leadership responsibilities - writing general letters, giving instructions, receiving people for private audiences, and more. On the evening of 10 Shevat 5711, at a gathering marking the first anniversary of the Previous Rebbe's passing, the Rebbe delivered the discourse "[[Basi LeGani]]," thereby officially accepting leadership of Chabad Chassidism. | In the months following the passing, many Chassidim from around the world wrote letters of connection and sent them to [[770 Eastern Parkway|770]], but the Rebbe refused to accept the leadership. Over the following months, the pleas from the Chassidim increased while the Rebbe continued to refuse, though gradually he began taking on communal leadership responsibilities - writing general letters, giving instructions, receiving people for private audiences, and more. On the evening of 10 Shevat 5711, at a gathering marking the first anniversary of the Previous Rebbe's passing, the Rebbe delivered the [[Maamar|discourse]] "[[Basi LeGani]]," thereby officially accepting leadership of Chabad Chassidism. | ||
== Leadership of Chabad Chassidism == | == Leadership of Chabad Chassidism == | ||
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After the passing of the Previous Rebbe, he began energetically expanding the Torah and educational institutions established by the Previous Rebbe worldwide. | After the passing of the Previous Rebbe, he began energetically expanding the Torah and educational institutions established by the Previous Rebbe worldwide. | ||
[[File:תשיא 2.jpg|thumb|The Rebbe's first official photograph taken on 30 Shevat 5711 at a reception for R' Yehuda Leib Posner]] | [[File:תשיא 2.jpg|thumb|The Rebbe's first official photograph taken on 30 Shevat 5711 at a reception for R' Yehuda Leib Posner]] | ||
Even before formally accepting leadership, the Rebbe sent the first emissaries to Morocco - Rabbi Michael Lipsker and Rabbi Shlomo Matusof. Following the Rebbe's instructions, his emissaries to Morocco established the Oholei Yosef Yitzchak Lubavitch (Morocco) network, including yeshivas, boys' schools, and girls' schools in Morocco, thereby providing thousands of Jewish youth with authentic Jewish education and saving them from spiritual assimilation. Simultaneously, under the Rebbe's guidance, smaller yeshivas and study houses were established in Morocco to train teachers, rabbis, ritual slaughterers, scribes, and other religious functionaries. | Even before formally accepting leadership, the Rebbe sent the first emissaries to [[Morocco]] - Rabbi Michael Lipsker and Rabbi Shlomo Matusof. Following the Rebbe's instructions, his emissaries to Morocco established the Oholei Yosef Yitzchak Lubavitch (Morocco) network, including yeshivas, boys' schools, and girls' schools in Morocco, thereby providing thousands of Jewish youth with authentic Jewish education and saving them from spiritual assimilation. Simultaneously, under the Rebbe's guidance, smaller yeshivas and study houses were established in Morocco to train teachers, rabbis, ritual slaughterers, scribes, and other religious functionaries. | ||
In the early years of his leadership, the Rebbe sent emissaries throughout the United States, Brazil, and elsewhere. | In the early years of his leadership, the Rebbe sent emissaries throughout the United States, Brazil, and elsewhere. | ||
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At the gathering of 10 Shevat 5711, and especially in the discourse "Basi LeGani," the Rebbe emphasized his purpose in the world - to bring about the redemption and revelation of Moshiach speedily. | At the gathering of 10 Shevat 5711, and especially in the discourse "Basi LeGani," the Rebbe emphasized his purpose in the world - to bring about the redemption and revelation of Moshiach speedily. | ||
[[File:הרבי.jpeg|thumb|The Rebbe]] | [[File:הרבי.jpeg|thumb|The Rebbe Shlita ]] | ||
During the Purim gathering in 5711, held several weeks after accepting leadership, the Rebbe began speaking about himself and his leadership, stating "I am only a pipeline," "One must be connected to the Rebbe, I am only filling a position in one aspect." Among other things, he said: "After the passing of the Rebbe RaShaB, the Previous Rebbe once said that he doesn't say 'may his soul rest in Eden' about his father, because why say 'may his soul rest in Eden' when it's easier and better to say 'his soul is within me.' The same applies to the Rebbe – I don't say 'may his soul rest in Eden,' but rather 'his soul is within me'!" | During the Purim gathering in 5711, held several weeks after accepting leadership, the Rebbe began speaking about himself and his leadership, stating "I am only a pipeline," "One must be connected to the Rebbe, I am only filling a position in one aspect." Among other things, he said: "After the passing of the Rebbe RaShaB, the Previous Rebbe once said that he doesn't say 'may his soul rest in Eden' about his father, because why say 'may his soul rest in Eden' when it's easier and better to say 'his soul is within me.' The same applies to the Rebbe – I don't say 'may his soul rest in Eden,' but rather 'his soul is within me'!" | ||
==== Daily Schedule ==== | ==== Daily Schedule ==== | ||
''Extended article - The Rebbe's Daily Schedule'' | ''Extended article - [[The Rebbe's Daily Schedule]]'' | ||
For most of the day, the Rebbe's occupation revolved primarily around Torah study and responding to letters sent to him from around the world. Additionally, with increasing frequency over the years, the Rebbe would visit the resting place of his father-in-law, the Previous Rebbe. Furthermore, for decades the Rebbe dedicated time three times a week to receive people for private audiences in his personal room, where he would answer people's questions and guide them in divine service. In later years, due to the heavy burden, the Rebbe discontinued private audiences and began receiving the public in general audiences in his study hall. On 11 Nissan 5746, the Rebbe began distributing dollars for charity every Sunday. Many rabbis and public figures came to the Rebbe during the dollar distribution and private audiences to receive his blessing and advice. | For most of the day, the Rebbe's occupation revolved primarily around Torah study and responding to letters sent to him from around the world. Additionally, with increasing frequency over the years, the Rebbe would visit the resting place of his father-in-law, the Previous Rebbe. Furthermore, for decades the Rebbe dedicated time three times a week to receive people for private audiences in his personal room, where he would answer people's questions and guide them in divine service. In later years, due to the heavy burden, the Rebbe discontinued private audiences and began receiving the public in general audiences in his study hall. On 11 Nissan 5746, the Rebbe began distributing dollars for charity every Sunday. Many rabbis and public figures came to the Rebbe during the dollar distribution and private audiences to receive his blessing and advice. | ||
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* [[Mivtza Torah|Torah study]] | * [[Mivtza Torah|Torah study]] | ||
* [[Mivtza Tefillin|Tefillin]] | * [[Mivtza Tefillin|Tefillin]] | ||
* Mezuzah | * [[Mivtza Mezuzah|Mezuzah]] | ||
* [[Mivtza Kashrus|Kashrus]] | * [[Mivtza Kashrus|Kashrus]] | ||
* Tzedakah | * [[Mivtza Tzedakah|Tzedakah]] | ||
* [[Mivtza Bayis Molei Seforim|Having seforim in the home]] | * [[Mivtza Bayis Molei Seforim|Having seforim in the home]] | ||
* [[Mivtza Neiros Shabbos Kodesh|Neiros Shabbos Kodesh and Yom Tov candle lighting]] | * [[Mivtza Neiros Shabbos Kodesh|Neiros Shabbos Kodesh and Yom Tov candle lighting]] | ||
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* [[Tzeirei Agudas Chabad|Tzeirei Agudas Chabad organization]] | * [[Tzeirei Agudas Chabad|Tzeirei Agudas Chabad organization]] | ||
* The Oholei Yosef Yitzchak network | * [[Oholei Yosef Yitzchak network|The Oholei Yosef Yitzchak network]] | ||
* N'shei Chabad organization | * [[N'shei Chabad organization]] | ||
He instituted structural and organizational changes with new general and specific horaos (directives) in Agudas Chassidei Chabad, positioning it as an umbrella organization for all Chabad mosdos in Eretz HaKodesh. This was alongside assistance to Colel Chabad which provided support to Chassidim in gashmius matters. | He instituted structural and organizational changes with new general and specific horaos (directives) in Agudas Chassidei Chabad, positioning it as an umbrella organization for all Chabad mosdos in Eretz HaKodesh. This was alongside assistance to Colel Chabad which provided support to Chassidim in gashmius matters. | ||
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In the United States, the Rebbe established: | In the United States, the Rebbe established: | ||
* Tzeirei Agudas Chabad in New York | * [[Tzeirei Agudas Chabad]] in [[New York]] | ||
* N'shei Chabad organization | * N'shei Chabad organization | ||
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* [[Kehos|Kehot Publication Society]] | * [[Kehos|Kehot Publication Society]] | ||
In parallel, the Rebbe sent shluchim to various states across America, and to additional countries such as Australia, Brazil, and Morocco. In these locations, educational institutions and Chabad organizations were established, alongside activities to bring Yidden closer to Yiddishkeit and Chassidus, tailored to the conditions of each local Jewish community. In Morocco, the Oholei Yosef Yitzchak Lubavitch (Morocco) network of institutions was established. | In parallel, the Rebbe sent [[Shliach|shluchim]] to various states across America, and to additional countries such as Australia, [[Brazil]], and Morocco. In these locations, educational institutions and Chabad organizations were established, alongside activities to bring Yidden closer to Yiddishkeit and Chassidus, tailored to the conditions of each local Jewish community. In Morocco, the Oholei Yosef Yitzchak Lubavitch (Morocco) network of institutions was established. | ||
Concurrently, the Rebbe worked extensively for Kfar Chabad both b'gashmius and b'ruchnius, from specific instructions in all areas of life, concern for expanding the mosdos, establishing enterprises and material welfare, to matters of tznius, chinuch, and activities for hafatzas hamaayanos. | Concurrently, the Rebbe worked extensively for [[Kfar Chabad]] both b'gashmius and b'ruchnius, from specific instructions in all areas of life, concern for expanding the mosdos, establishing enterprises and material welfare, to matters of [[tznius]], [[Chinuch (Education)|chinuch]], and activities for [[hafatzas hamaayanos]]. | ||
==== The Shlichus Enterprise ==== | ==== The Shlichus Enterprise ==== | ||
''Extended article - Chabad House'' | ''Extended article - [[Chabad House]]'' | ||
[[File:שלוחים.jpg|thumb|The Rebbe's shluchim in the traditional photograph (5773/2013)]] | [[File:שלוחים.jpg|thumb|The Rebbe's shluchim in the traditional photograph (5773/2013)]] | ||
The Rebbe's father-in-law, the Frierdiker (Previous) Rebbe, worked to bring Yidden closer to Torah and mitzvos, and sent shluchim to various countries. However, during his time the scope of activity was relatively limited, and the Rebbe expanded it on an enormous scale, until today the number of shluchim reaches about two thousand spread throughout the world. | The Rebbe's father-in-law, the Frierdiker (Previous) Rebbe, worked to bring Yidden closer to Torah and mitzvos, and sent shluchim to various countries. However, during his time the scope of activity was relatively limited, and the Rebbe expanded it on an enormous scale, until today the number of shluchim reaches about two thousand spread throughout the world. | ||
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==== The Daily Rambam Study Initiative ==== | ==== The Daily Rambam Study Initiative ==== | ||
''Extended article - The | ''Extended article - [[Takonas Limud HaRambam - The Rambam Study Initiative]]'' | ||
In 5744 (1984), the Rebbe initiated the daily [[The Rambam|Rambam]] study project, in which the Rambam's halachic works were divided into daily study portions. One of the takana's objectives was to encourage concise study of all areas of halacha in a clear and illuminating way, as they are formulated in the Rambam's seforim. There are three study tracks: | In 5744 (1984), the Rebbe initiated the daily [[The Rambam|Rambam]] study project, in which the Rambam's halachic works were divided into daily study portions. One of the takana's objectives was to encourage concise study of all areas of halacha in a clear and illuminating way, as they are formulated in the Rambam's seforim. There are three study tracks: | ||
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* Three chapters per day, completing the entire Yad HaChazaka in one year | * Three chapters per day, completing the entire Yad HaChazaka in one year | ||
* One chapter per day, completing the series once in three years | * One chapter per day, completing the series once in three years | ||
* Study of Sefer HaMitzvos, completed once a year | * Study of [[Sefer HaMitzvos]], completed once a year | ||
At one farbrengen in 5744, which was actually a continuation of the Yud-Tes Kislev farbrengen that fell that year on Friday, the Rebbe mentioned and aroused that the time had come to arrange a division similar to the division of Shas in studying the Rambam's Mishneh Torah. The directive wasn't immediately implemented, but the talmidim hashluchim at the Chabad yeshiva in Casablanca, Morocco, where the Rambam had lived for several years, who learned this sicha, divided the entire Mishneh Torah among the Torah community in Morocco, to be learned between Yud Shevat (the day of accepting the nesius) and the Rebbe's birthday on Yud-Alef Nissan and the Rambam's birthday on Yud-Daled Nissan. The talmidim hashluchim themselves took "Hilchos Shluchin V'Shutfin" in connection with their role as the Rebbe's shluchim, and Reb Shlomo Matusof, the head shliach and yeshiva director, gave them a shiur in these halachos. | At one farbrengen in 5744, which was actually a continuation of the [[Yud-Tes Kislev]] [[farbrengen]] that fell that year on Friday, the Rebbe mentioned and aroused that the time had come to arrange a division similar to the division of Shas in studying the Rambam's Mishneh Torah. The directive wasn't immediately implemented, but the talmidim hashluchim at the Chabad yeshiva in Casablanca, Morocco, where the Rambam had lived for several years, who learned this sicha, divided the entire Mishneh Torah among the Torah community in Morocco, to be learned between Yud Shevat (the day of accepting the nesius) and the Rebbe's birthday on Yud-Alef Nissan and the Rambam's birthday on Yud-Daled Nissan. The talmidim hashluchim themselves took "Hilchos Shluchin V'Shutfin" in connection with their role as the Rebbe's shluchim, and Reb Shlomo Matusof, the head shliach and yeshiva director, gave them a shiur in these halachos. | ||
==== The Seven Noahide Laws ==== | ==== The Seven Noahide Laws ==== | ||
''Extended article - The Seven Noahide Laws'' | ''Extended article - [[The Seven Noahide Laws]]'' | ||
Starting in the 1980s, the Rebbe called for action to instill the Sheva Mitzvos B'nei Noach (Seven Noahide Laws) to all of humanity, encouraging all people to observe them, based on the Rambam's ruling that there is an obligation on the Jewish people to ensure that the nations of the world fulfill the Seven Noahide Laws. In his view, the notable lack of engagement with this topic in previous generations stemmed from concern that such activity would be perceived as an attempt to interfere with the gentiles' religion, a concern that barely exists today, and therefore the Jewish obligation to transmit the Seven Mitzvos remains in full force. | Starting in the 1980s, the Rebbe called for action to instill the Sheva Mitzvos B'nei Noach (Seven Noahide Laws) to all of humanity, encouraging all people to observe them, based on the Rambam's ruling that there is an obligation on the Jewish people to ensure that the nations of the world fulfill the Seven Noahide Laws. In his view, the notable lack of engagement with this topic in previous generations stemmed from concern that such activity would be perceived as an attempt to interfere with the gentiles' religion, a concern that barely exists today, and therefore the Jewish obligation to transmit the Seven Mitzvos remains in full force. | ||
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==== Education in the American Congress ==== | ==== Education in the American Congress ==== | ||
''Extended article - Education Day USA'' | ''Extended article - [[Education Day USA]]'' | ||
[[File:בוטמן בסנאט.jpg|thumb|The Governor and legislators during the declaration of Education Days]] | [[File:בוטמן בסנאט.jpg|thumb|The Governor and legislators during the declaration of Education Days]] | ||
In the year 5738 (1978), the United States Congress decided to declare the 11th of Nissan, the Rebbe's birthday, as "Education and Sharing Day," during which efforts and resources would be increased to improve education in all educational institutions for all ages throughout the United States. In the text of the proposal submitted by Congress for ratification by then-President Jimmy Carter, the seven Noahide laws are mentioned as a model for the moral principles upon which human civilization rests. Since this legislation, the United States' "Education and Sharing Day" has been proclaimed each year by the sitting President on the day corresponding to the Hebrew date of 11 Nissan, the Rebbe's birthday. The Rebbe expressed his gratitude for the decision of Congress and explained in a farbrengen the significance of establishing this day as "Education Day":<blockquote>The government declared a certain day (11 Nissan) as "Education Day" throughout the United States. Everything must have a source in Torah. And seemingly - where is the source for this matter, to connect an essential and important matter with a special day of the year? Especially the matter of education, which is an ongoing and constant matter at every moment. | In the year 5738 (1978), the United States Congress decided to declare the 11th of Nissan, the Rebbe's birthday, as "Education and Sharing Day," during which efforts and resources would be increased to improve education in all educational institutions for all ages throughout the United States. In the text of the proposal submitted by Congress for ratification by then-President Jimmy Carter, the seven Noahide laws are mentioned as a model for the moral principles upon which human civilization rests. Since this legislation, the United States' "Education and Sharing Day" has been proclaimed each year by the sitting President on the day corresponding to the Hebrew date of 11 Nissan, the Rebbe's birthday. The Rebbe expressed his gratitude for the decision of Congress and explained in a farbrengen the significance of establishing this day as "Education Day":<blockquote>The government declared a certain day (11 Nissan) as "Education Day" throughout the United States. Everything must have a source in Torah. And seemingly - where is the source for this matter, to connect an essential and important matter with a special day of the year? Especially the matter of education, which is an ongoing and constant matter at every moment. | ||
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* 5741: Established Tzivos Hashem organization | * 5741: Established Tzivos Hashem organization | ||
* 5751: Delivered talk demanding Chassidim "do all you can" to bring Moshiach | * 5751: Delivered talk demanding Chassidim "do all you can" to bring Moshiach | ||
== His Torah and and Teachings == | == His Torah and and Teachings == | ||
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To those who suggested that he fly and even said they were willing to pay for the ticket, he said he could not. | To those who suggested that he fly and even said they were willing to pay for the ticket, he said he could not. | ||
== The Rebbe | == The Rebbe and Moshiach == | ||
The Rebbe is | The Rebbe imparted to his Shluchim and to each person with whom he came in contact, a spirit of freedom that would enable them to dedicate their lives to the care of others. | ||
This freedom is expressed through total immersion in the wellbeing of his or her particular sphere of influence: family, neighborhood, and so forth. For the individual ''Shliach'', this freedom is, for the most part, expressed through concern for a particular country, state, city, institution, or program. | |||
However, the Rebbe’s ultimate concern was the entire world – the entirety of the Jewish people and all of humankind. | |||
Only a great soul, free of personal constraints, can truly care about the ultimate fulfillment of creation, the destiny of the world, and global wellbeing. | |||
This was truly the Rebbe’s ultimate desire: to see the world perfected, to see the fruition of Creation’s very purpose – that the world become an abode for the Divine. Hence, the Rebbe’s overarching desire for the coming of Moshiach and the era of redemption. | |||
In his own words, the Rebbe described himself “obsessed” with Moshiach. | |||
The Rebbe yearned for Moshiach not only because it would bring an end to the world’s pain and suffering, but moreover, because the era of Moshiach is the ultimate destiny of the world and the purpose for which it was created. | |||
As one who was able to see things from a broader and higher perspective, the Rebbe saw all of Jewish history– from our sojourn in the desert through the saga of our exiles up until the present day – as a continuous path leading inexorably toward the ultimate goal of Creation. | |||
So, too, the Rebbe saw every positive action of each individual as a redemptive act in its own right, and a step on the road to global Redemption. For each ''mitzvah'' and each word of Torah contains G‑d’s infinite energy – wherein lies the secret of another advancement toward the ultimate goal of perfecting this world as a place where Hashem “feels at home.” | |||
== His Niggunim == | == His Niggunim == | ||
In the early years of his leadership, the Rebbe taught melodies, some of which were known and forgotten, and some he composed himself. Usually, the time for teaching melodies was during the Simchat Torah gathering held before dawn, after the Hakafot. | In the early years of his leadership, the Rebbe taught melodies, some of which were known and forgotten, and some he composed himself. Usually, the time for teaching melodies was during the Simchat Torah gathering held before dawn, after the Hakafot. | ||
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==== General ==== | ==== General ==== | ||
* Rebbe Drive | * https://www.rebbedrive.com/ -Rebbe Drive | ||
* The | * [https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/default_cdo/jewish/The-Rebbe.htm The Lubavitcher Rebbe section] - Chabad.org | ||
==== History ==== | ==== History ==== | ||
* Librarian Rabbi Shalom DovBer Levin reveals new details related to the Rebbe's early years - Chabad.org website | * [https://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/540590/jewish/Exhibit-Uncovers-New-Information-About-the-Rebbe.htm Librarian Rabbi Shalom DovBer Levin reveals new details related to the Rebbe's early years] - Chabad.org website | ||
* Wedding Journal - Description of the Rebbe's conduct at his wedding - from the diary of R' Eliyahu Chaim Althaus - | * [https://derher.org/wp-content/uploads/75-Kislev-5779-11.pdf Wedding Journal - Description of the Rebbe's conduct at his wedding] - from the diary of R' Eliyahu Chaim Althaus - A Chassidisher Derher | ||
* [https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/62157/jewish/1941-Flight-from-Europe.htm#:~:text=On%20June%2014%2C%201940%2C%20the,see%20letter%20excerpted%20at%20right). 1941: A Flight from Europe] - Chabad.org | |||
* [https://derher.org/wp-content/uploads/5784-7-8.pdf Poet Avraham Shlonsky and the Rebbe] - by Rabbi Mendel Jacobs - A Chassidisher Derher | |||
* | |||
==== The Rebbe and Leaders of the Generation ==== | ==== The Rebbe and Leaders of the Generation ==== | ||
* Letters of | * [https://toratchabad.com/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99-%D7%95%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99-%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8 Letters of Appreciation to the Rebbe from Important Rabbis Around the World] -Hebrew Language Site | ||
==== Video ==== | ==== Video ==== | ||
* Collection of video clips of the Rebbe - Chabad.org | * [https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/2608263/jewish/Videos.htm Collection of video clips of the Rebbe] - Chabad.org | ||
* | * [https://www.torahcafe.com/browse-rebbe-videos-1-new.html Rebbe Video Library]- Jewish Learning Institute | Torahcafe.com | | ||
* "The Rebbe | * "[https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/livingtorah/player_cdo/aid/2823571/jewish/In-the-Beginning.htm The Rebbe Read the Petition and Burst into Tears"] - Events of the day the Rebbe accepted leadership." - Chabad.org | JEM Video - My Encounter | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
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[[Category:5662 births]] | [[Category:5662 births]] | ||
[[Category:The Rebbe]] | [[Category:The Rebbe]] | ||
[[Category:Chabad Rebbes]] | [[Category:Chabad Rebbes]] | ||
[[he:רבי מנחם מענדל שניאורסון (כ"ק אדמו"ר שליט"א)]] | |||