Editing Kashrus (section)

=== Fruits and Vegetables ===
The kashrus rules for fruits and vegetables include terumos and maasros, the prohibition of orlah, shemitah year, and more:

====== Orlah ======
From the moment of planting a tree until it's permitted to use its fruits, three years must pass during which it's forbidden to benefit from the fruits. Additional issue: If they planted the tree in a nursery and two years passed, then transferred the tree to an orchard, some poskim permit counting those two years as part of the three. However, if the clump of earth around the roots disintegrated during the transfer, the three years must be counted from the beginning.

====== Neta Revai or Kerem Revai ======
During the fourth year from planting the tree, one needs to set aside the equivalent value of the fruits or bring them to Yerushalayim to eat them there in kedusha and tahara. However, since we are now tamei meis, only the first option remains.

====== Terumos and Maasros ======
After harvesting the crop it is called tevel and it's forbidden to benefit from it until separating terumos and maasros:

====== Terumah Gedolah ======
First, a small portion (approximately one hundredth) is taken and separated for the Kohanim. Today this portion is destroyed (since there are no tahor Kohanim who can eat it).

====== Maaser Rishon ======
Afterwards, a tenth of the produce is separated for the Leviim. Today the owners can benefit from this portion (since it doesn't need to be eaten specifically in tahara).

====== Terumas Maaser ======
From the Maaser Rishon, a tenth is taken and separated for the Kohanim. Today this portion is also destroyed.

====== Maaser Sheni ======
The years for this maaser are determined according to shemitah. Therefore in the first, second, fourth and fifth years this maaser is separated, a tenth of what remains after separating Maaser Rishon. This portion needs to be eaten in Yerushalayim in kedusha and tahara (like neta revai), either itself or after being redeemed with money and using that money to buy other foods. Today it is redeemed with money.

====== Maaser Ani ======
In the third and sixth years, instead of Maaser Sheni, Maaser Ani is separated. This maaser is given to poor Jews. During the shemitah year in places where terumos and maasros are separated in chutz l'aretz - Syria, Maaser Ani is separated.

====== Shemitah ======
During the shemitah year there is special kedusha in the fruits, therefore it's forbidden to do business with them unless it's from "otzar beis din", in which case it's permitted to sell, and the money also has the law of "kedushas shevi'is".

Kedushas shevi'is means - it's forbidden to discard the fruits disrespectfully, and forbidden to give human food to animals and the like.

====== Insects and Worms ======
Many fruits and vegetables contain various insects that are forbidden to eat. Their size is very small, but they can be identified through various means. From time to time, various kashrus organizations publish types of fruits and vegetables that are infested, what they are infested with, and how to remove the insects.